三种抗生素对西花蓟马存活率及肠道可培养细菌的影响

为阐明抗生素对西花蓟马的作用,选用氨苄青霉素(AMP)、氯霉素(CAP)和硫酸链霉素(SM)等3种抗生素分别采用薄膜饲喂法和叶片浸渍法处理西花蓟马,研究3种抗生素对西花蓟马死亡率及对肠道可培养细菌的影响。结果表明抗生素对西花蓟马的死亡率有明显的影响,随着浓度的增加和处理时间的延长死亡率升高,在薄膜饲喂法和叶片浸渍法处理下,西花蓟马均是在3种抗生素浓度为50.00 mg/mL处理72 h时死亡率最大,薄膜饲喂法对西花蓟马死亡率的影响高于叶片浸渍法。在2种饲喂方式下,25.00 mg/mL氨苄青霉素和50.00 mg/mL硫酸链霉素处理72 h后对西花蓟马肠道内可培养细菌的去除效果最好;浓度为50.00 mg/mL氯霉素在薄膜饲喂法中处理24 h后对西花蓟马肠道细菌去除效果最好,但叶片浸渍法没有明显的作用。结果说明,西花蓟马死亡率及肠道细菌的去除效果与抗生素种类、浓度和处理时间相关,也与处理方法有关。     

西花蓟马对吡虫啉抗性机制的研究

为了解大规模应用吡虫啉防治西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)的抗性风险,本文研究了吡虫啉与多杀菌素和啶虫咪的交互抗性并比较了多功能氧化酶系(mixed-function oxidases,MFO)的3个组分细胞色素P450、细胞色素b5、甲氧试卤灵O脱甲基酶(methoxyresorufin O-demethylase,MROD)在西花蓟马敏感品系(S)、抗吡虫啉品系(BK)和北京田间品系(BJ)中的含量以及活性。生物测定表明北京田间品系(BJ)对多杀菌素已经产生了较高抗性(RR50=35.38),而对啶虫咪(RR50=3.05)和吡虫啉(RR50=1.82)处于敏感,交互抗性研究结果表明西花蓟马对吡虫啉与多杀菌素(RR50=1.31)和啶虫咪(RR50=3.20)无交互抗性。生化研究表明:西花蓟马抗吡虫啉品系的3个组分含量均显著高于S品系西花蓟马的含量(P<0.05),其中细胞色素P450在是S品系WFT的4.5倍,细胞色素b5含量是S品系WFT的4.23倍,MROD活性是S品系WFT的5.99倍,表明多功能氧化酶系与西花蓟马对吡虫啉的抗药性密切相关。     

基于TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR技术的西花蓟马快速检测

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pargande）是世界性害虫,2003年在我国首次发生危害。针对西花蓟马与其他种类蓟马形态相似、难以快速区分的问题,本文在SCAR标记基础上,采用TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR技术,设计1对特异性引物和1条MGB探针,扩增出大小为138bp的特异片段。以质粒DNA为标准品建立了标准曲线（R2=0.9965）,种特异性检验结果显示,该引物和探针只能检测到西花蓟马的荧光信号,而对其他种类的蓟马不具有检测能力。并且可以定量检测西花蓟马不同虫态靶标DNA片段的拷贝数。该检测体系重复性强、稳定性高,在口岸检疫以及植物种苗及其产品调运中的有害生物检测和监测中具有重要意义。     

Review of the effects of barred owls on spotted owls

Barred owls (Strix varia) are forest-dwelling owls, native to eastern North America, with populations that expanded westward into the range of the spotted owl (Strix occidentalis). Barred owls exert an overwhelmingly negative influence on spotted owls, thereby threatening spotted owl population viability where the species co-occur. In this review, we provide an overview of the barred owl's range expansion and detail and synthesize previously published literature on spotted and barred owls within the range of the spotted owl as related to potential future outcomes for the northern spotted owl (S. o. caurina). We include research on diet, habitat use and selection, effects of barred owls on spotted owl demography and behavior, hybridization with spotted owls, parasites, contemporary management, and future research needs for spotted owl populations given continued barred owl expansion throughout western North America. Our literature review and synthesis should provide managers with the information necessary to develop strategies that mitigate deleterious effects of barred owls at local and landscape scales. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.     

温度对西花蓟马生长发育、 繁殖和种群增长的影响

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)是一种入侵我国的重要害虫, 温度是决定蓟马能否建立稳定种群的最基本因素。为明确温度对西花蓟马种群增长的影响, 本研究在室内观察了西花蓟马在15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃和35℃温度条件下的生长发育、 存活与繁殖能力, 并计算各温度条件下的种群增长参数。结果表明： 在35℃条件下, 西花蓟马不能完成发育, 其他温度条件下西花蓟马从卵孵化至蛹羽化成成虫, 以20℃条件下的存活率最高, 为62.8%。西花蓟马发育速率随温度升高明显加快, 在15℃下, 完成发育需要近30 d; 而在30℃下, 西花蓟马完成发育仅需10 d 左右。西花蓟马成虫寿命随温度的升高而明显缩短, 在15℃下, 平均寿命为36 d, 最长寿命达60 d; 在30℃下, 西花蓟马的平均寿命为10 d。西花蓟马在 15℃, 20℃和25℃条件下的平均繁殖力差异不显著, 分别为37.70, 32.56, 37.80头1龄若虫/雌, 但显著高于30℃条件下的平均繁殖力（9.36头1龄若虫/雌）。西花蓟马的种群增长参数净生殖率(R0)、 内禀增长率(rm), 在25℃时达最高值, 分别为20.10和0.178 d-1, 而在15℃下分别仅为18.67和0.096 d-1。据此得出, 20~25℃是最适宜西花蓟马生长发育和繁殖温度范围, 温度过高或过低都不利于西花蓟马种群增长。西花蓟马的发育起点温度为7.4℃, 充分完成发育所需的有效积温为208.0日·度。不考虑其他阻碍生长发育因素的情况下, 华南、 华中、 华北和东北地区的年发生代数分别为24~26, 16~18, 13~14和1~4代, 西南地区昆明与丽江分别为13~15和8~10代。     

高温对西花蓟马卵巢发育及卵黄蛋白含量的影响

【目的】为探明短时高温热激后西花蓟马 Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)生殖力和卵巢发育的相互关系。【方法】选择1龄、2龄若虫,预蛹,蛹和1日龄成虫,采用不同高温（41和45℃）短时（2 h）处理,观察卵巢发育及卵黄蛋白相对含量的变化。【结果】高温热激主要抑制了西花蓟马生殖器官和胚胎的正常发育,导致卵巢管数量减少,卵巢管和胚胎发育畸形;电泳结合不同的染色方法证明西花蓟马的卵黄蛋白为一种磷酸化、糖基化的脂蛋白,由3个亚基组成,分子量分别为116,70和47 kDa。除热激蛹期外,热激其他龄期的若虫对其当代成虫卵黄蛋白合成都起到抑制作用,且45℃热激1龄或2龄若虫后,其对卵黄蛋白相对含量的影响持续到了F₁代。【结论】温度对雌虫生殖力的影响是由于其对生殖器官发育和卵黄蛋白合成的影响引起的。本研究为西花蓟马的卵黄蛋白和卵黄发生的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical dose–response trial of an extract of Baptisia, Echinacea and Thuja for the treatment of patients with common cold

The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy and safety of an herbal medication containing an extract of a mixture of Baptisiae tinctoriae radix, Echinaceae pallidae/purpureae radix and Thujae occidentalis herba (SB-TOX) in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), and to test whether SB-TOX's clinical efficacy is dose dependent. A total of 91 adults (mean age 42.1±13.0 years) were randomised to receive 19.2 mg of SB-TOX (n=31), 9.6 mg SB-TOX (n=29) or placebo (n=31) three times daily for 3–12 days. Since a “running nose” is the main symptom of a common cold, the total number of facial tissues used throughout the clinical duration of their cold was the primary efficacy parameter. In the intention-to-treat analysis, this total number of tissues decreased with increasing extract dose. The slope across groups according to the Jonckheere test was significant (p=0.0259). In the high-dose group, the standardised effect size Δ/SD was 0.46 compared with placebo. Time to relevant improvement in cold symptoms (measured as the time until less than 30 tissues per day were used) was 1.1 days (95% CI 0.52; 1.67), 0.76 days (95% CI 0.28; 1.24) and 0.52 days (95% CI 0.22; 0.82) in the placebo, low-dose and high-dose groups, respectively (p_LogRank=0.0175). No adverse events were reported. This study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of SB-TOX in the treatment of URIs, and that its efficacy is dose dependent.     

外源茉莉酸诱导的菜豆叶片生化抗性及其对西花蓟马体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

为探讨外源茉莉酸诱导的菜豆叶片抗性及对西花蓟马体内酶活性的影响,在室内对菜豆植株分别喷施1、0.1、0.01和0.001 mmol·L^-1 4个浓度的茉莉酸,以健康植株为对照,分别于处理后1、5和10 d测定菜豆叶片营养物质及次生物质的含量.另在同样处理叶片上分别接西花蓟马2龄若虫,分析其体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的变化.结果表明: 不同浓度茉莉酸处理1 d后,菜豆叶片的蛋白质含量和健康植株没有明显差异,但在5和10 d时显著低于健康植株;菜豆叶片游离氨基酸含量在茉莉酸处理1 d后显著高于健康植株,之后逐渐降低;茉莉酸处理下菜豆叶片可溶性糖含量显著低于健康植株,并随着茉莉酸浓度的升高和处理时间的延长而进一步下降;叶绿素含量在处理1 d后显著降低,随着处理时间的增加逐渐升高.叶片单宁、黄酮和总酚的含量在不同浓度茉莉酸和处理时间下均显著高于对照.蓟马取食导致菜豆叶片生化物质含量的变化与外源茉莉酸诱导的相似.西花蓟马取食茉莉酸处理的菜豆植株24 h后,体内保护酶系(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶)和解毒酶系(谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶)均明显高于健康植株,但茉莉酸浓度与处理时间对其影响程度不同.取食虫害菜豆叶片后西花蓟马体内酶活性的变化与取食外源茉莉酸诱导的叶片相似.说明外源茉莉酸处理可诱导菜豆植株的抗性,西花蓟马取食处理后的菜豆叶片可产生明显的反防御来适应寄主植物的变化.     

Variant restoration trajectories for wetland plant communities on a channelized floodplain

Restoration efforts are typically based on an assumption that reestablishment of altered determinants of ecological structure and function will lead to a predictable reestablishment of populations and reassembly of communities. Dechannelization and reestablishment of natural hydrologic regimes provide the basis for the ongoing restoration of the Kissimmee River in Central Florida, United States. The expected reestablishment of historically dominant broadleaf marsh (BLM) and buttonbush shrub (BB) communities was evaluated over a 10‐year period following implementation of the first phase of the restoration project. Plant species composition and cover were assessed during dry (spring) and wet (summer) season sampling periods at five sites on the restored floodplain, and four “control” sites on the channelized floodplain. Mean daily stage data from nearby gauges indicated hydroperiods and depths on the reflooded floodplain were within the range of historic hydrologic conditions that selected for BLM and BB communities on the pre‐channelization floodplain. After reflooding, pasture grass and upland shrub communities rapidly transitioned to a fluid mix of obligate and facultative wetland species. Although signature BLM and BB species, Sagittaria lancifolia (bulltongue arrowhead), Pontederia cordata (pickerel weed), and Cephalanthus occidentalis (buttonbush), recolonized all study sites, the expected reestablishment of dominant cover of these species did not occur. Results indicate that restoration of BLM and BB communities has been impeded by deep flood pulse disturbances, establishment of invasive wetland grasses, and mineralized soil characteristics of the drained floodplain.