山楂属主要植物叶子生药学研究

本文对我国山楂属主要植物的叶子进行了光镜及电镜下组织构造的比较,指出了种间鉴别特征。并对黄桐等成分进行分析,结果表明山楂、山里红、云南山楂、湖北山楂的叶子中含有防治心血管系统疾病的牡荆素、芦丁和金丝桃甙等有效成分,为本属植物的开发利用提供了依据。     

Organic acids,sugars, vitamin C content and some pomological characteristics of eleven hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) from Turkey

Background

The Hawthorn (Crateagus sp.) mostly occurs around the temperate region of the world with a high number of species, producing a fruit with numerous beneficial effects for human health. The aim of the study was to determine organic acid and sugar contents in the fruit of a number of hawthorn species grown in Erzincan province of Turkey.

Results

Citric acid was the predominant organic acid in all hawthorn species and C. pseudoheterophylla had the highest citric acid content (23.688 g/100 g). There were not statistically significant differences among hawthorn species (except C. atrosanguinea Pojark) in terms of fumaric acid content. C.pontica C.Koch had a higher content of vitamin C (9.418 mg/100 g) compared to other species. Fructose was the predominant sugar component in all species and C. monogyna subsp. monogyna Joiq had the highest fructose content (18.378 g/100 g).

Conclusions

The high fruit quality of the studied species indicates the importance of this fruit in human nutrition as a natural source. The study revealed that there were differences in terms of fruit characteristics among hawthorn species and thus better quality hawthorn genotypes can be selected within the species. Hence, this study is considered to be a valuable reference for forthcoming studies. The high fruit quality of the studied species indicates the importance of this fruit in human nutrition as a natural source.     

不同时期山里红叶片中多元酚类成分含量的测定

The content of polyphenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid, vitexin-4＂-O-glucoside, vitexin rhamnoside, rutin, vitexin, hyperoside in leaf of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge var. major N. E. Br. at different times was determined by HPLC. The results show that the content of polyphenolic compounds in different times is various. In April, the total content of polyphenolic compounds and the contents of chlorogenic acid, vitexin-4＂-O-glucoside, vitexin rhamnoside, rutin reach the peak. And the content of every compound and the total content of these compounds decrease gradually with the plant growing, and reach the lowest point in July to August. Therefore, in order to extract polyphenolic compounds, the optimal harvest time for C. pinnatifida var. major leaf is April.     

超声辅助酸水解提取山里红叶中牡荆素的工艺优化

采用正交法优化山里红叶中牡荆素的超声辅助提取工艺。通过盐酸浓度、提取时间、固液比、超声功率、超声温度、乙醇浓度6种影响因素的单因素实验,研究它们与牡荆素提取得率之间的规律趋势;应用正交设计优化试验,研究盐酸浓度、提取时间、固液比和超声功率对山里红叶提取牡荆素得率影响大小,并确定最佳提取工艺。研究结果表明：当盐酸浓度为2 mol·L^-1、提取时间为40 min,固液比为1：20、超声功率为500 W、超声温度为50℃、乙醇浓度为50%时,效果最佳,得率为2.603 mg·g^-1;盐酸浓度具有较大显著性,且各因素影响顺序为：盐酸浓度 > 超声功率> > 提取时间 > 固液比。     

Effect of hawthorn (Crataegus oxycantha) crude extract and chromatographic fractions on multiple activities in a cultured cardiomyocyte assay

Extracts of hawthorn (Crataegus oxycantha) have become popular herbal supplements for their well-recognized cardiotonic effects. Many commercial preparations have been used successfully in the treatment of congestive heart failure, although the active principles within these extracts have yet to be conclusively identified. Several hawthorn preparations were studied and found to have negative chronotropic effects in a cultured neonatal murine cardiomyocyte assay using unpaced cells. As compared to conventional cardiac drugs (i.e., epinephrine, milrinone, ouabain, or propranolol), hawthorn extract has a unique activity profile. Hawthorn extract appears to be anti-arrhythmic and capable of inducing rhythmicity in quiescent cardiomyocytes. Hawthorn extract does not cause β-adrenergic receptor blockade at concentrations which cause negative chronotropic effects. Commercial hawthorn preparations, extracts prepared from dried leaves and those made from dried berries have similar chronotropic activities. When crude extracts are separated using size-exclusion chromatography, several fractions retain multiple cardiac activities. Assays with chromatographic fractions reveal that multiple dissimilar cardioactive components may exist within the extract, making the identification of individual active constituents more challenging.     

RECONSTRUCTING RETICULATION HISTORY IN A PHYLOGENETIC FRAMEWORK AND THE POTENTIAL OF ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION DRIVEN BY POLYPLOIDY IN AN AGAMIC COMPLEX IN CRATAEGUS (ROSACEAE)

Polyploidy plays a prominent role in the speciation process in plants. Many species are known to be part of agamic complexes comprising sexual diploids and more or less exclusively asexual polyploids. However, polyploid formation has been studied in very few cases, primarily because of the challenges in examining these cases phylogenetically. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a variety of phylogenetic approaches to unravel origins and infer reticulation history in a diploid–polyploid complex of black‐fruited Crataegus. The tree approaches are shown to be useful in testing alternative hypotheses and in revealing genealogies of nuclear genes, particularly in polyploid organisms that may contain multiple copies. Compared to trees, network approaches provide a better indication of reticulate relationships among recently diverged taxa. Taken together, our data point to both the autopolyploid and allopolyploid origins of triploids in natural populations of Crataegus suksdorfii, whereas tetraploids are formed via a triploid bridge, involving the backcross of allotriploid offspring with their diploid C. suksdorfii parent, followed by gene introgression from sympatric C. douglasii. Our findings provide empirical evidence for different pathways of polyploid formation that are all likely to occur within natural populations and the allopatric establishment of neopolyploids subsequent to their formation.     

Influence of the extraction mode on the yield of hyperoside, vitexin and vitexin-2'-O-rhamnoside from Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (hawthorn)

Introduction –  The extract of Crataegus monogyna shows sedative, hypotensive, vasodilator and cardio‐tonic actions. Although several papers dealing with the extraction of metabolites from Crataegus have been published, the plant productivity in terms of bioactive compounds is not easily understandable as yet. Objective –  To investigate the influence of the extraction mode on the yield of bioactive compounds from Crataegus monogyna Jacq. in order to evaluate plant productivity. Methodology –  Samples were prepared by extraction of powdered material obtained from top branches, flowers and leaves. Soxhlet extraction, maceration and ultrasound‐ and microwave‐assisted extraction at different experimental conditions were investigated for the exhaustive extraction of hyperoside, vitexin and vitexin‐2′′‐O‐rhamnoside. The phytocomponents were identified and quantified by HPLC‐UV/PAD, comparing HPLC retention times and UV spectra of individual peaks with those of the standards analysed under the same conditions. Results –  An easy‐to‐use HPLC isocratic method suitable for the quantification of hyperoside, vitexin and vitexin‐2′′‐O‐rhamnoside in raw plant extracts was developed. The optimised HPLC methodology was applied to evaluate different extraction procedures. The ultrasound and microwave‐assisted extraction protocols showed higher extraction efficiency than the others. In particular, the optimised microwave protocol gave rise to the highest extraction efficiency with high reproducibility. Conclusions –  A microwave protocol combined with isocratic HPLC analysis is proposed for the rapid screening of plant materials collected in different environmental conditions in order to evaluate the productivity of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and to find out the best ecological conditions to cultivate hawthorn in Northern Italy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intergeneric hybrids between Crataegus L. and Mespilus L.: a fresh look at an old problem

A brief outline is given of the history and nomenclature of the sexual and graft hybrids (chimeras) between Crataegus and Mespilus. An investigation has been made of some aspects of the macromorphology, the pollen fertility and exine characters, cytology and physiology of the plants growing in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It is suggested that in the past too much emphasis has been laid on the anatomy of the epidermal layers and the separation of parental characters in chimeras. Observations made during the study show the presence of intermediate characters in the graft hybrid as well as in the sexual hybrid and there is evidence that most parts of the graft hybrids are probably influenced by both the parental genotypes.     

The effects of repeated administration of camphor-crataegus berry extract combination on blood pressure and on attentional performance – A randomized,placebo-controlled,double-blind study

The present study investigated the effects of repeated administration of Korodin^®, a combination of camphor and crataegus berry extract, on blood pressure and attentional functioning. This study was conducted based on a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind design. 54 persons participated (33 female, 21 male) with a mean age of 24.3 years. Blood pressure and body mass index were in the normal range. Participants received 20 drops of either Korodin^® or a placebo for four times with interjacent time intervals of about 10 min. Blood pressure was measured sphygmomanometrically before and after each administration. Attentional performance was quantified by using two paper-and-pencil tests, the d2 Test of Attention and Digit Symbol Test.Greater increases in blood pressure occurred after the four Korodin^® administrations in comparison to the four placebo administrations. The performance in two parameters of d2 Test of Attention was consistently superior after the intake of Korodin^®. The excellent tolerability and safety of Korodin^®, even after a total consumption of 80 drops, was confirmed.