A chromosome-scale genome assembly of European hazel (Corylus avellana L.) reveals targets for crop improvement

The European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a tree crop of economic importance worldwide, but especially for northern Turkey, where the majority of production takes place. Hazelnut production is currently challenged by environmental stresses, such as a recent outbreak of severe powdery mildew disease; furthermore, allergy to hazelnuts is an increasing health concern in some regions. In order to provide a foundation for using the available hazelnut genetic resources for crop improvement, we produced a fully assembled genome sequence and annotation for a hazelnut species, from C. avellana cv. ‘Tombul’, one of the most important Turkish varieties. A hybrid sequencing strategy, combining short reads, long reads and proximity ligation methods, enabled us to resolve heterozygous regions and produce a high-quality 370-Mb assembly that agrees closely with cytogenetic studies and genetic maps of the 11 C. avellana chromosomes, and covers 97.8% of the estimated genome size. The genome includes 27 270 high-confidence protein-coding genes, over 20 000 of which were functionally annotated based on homology with known plant proteins. We focused particularly on gene families encoding hazelnut allergens, and the Mildew resistance Locus O (MLO) proteins that are an important susceptibility factor for powdery mildew. The complete assembly enabled us to differentiate between members of these families and to identify homologues that may be important in mildew disease and hazelnut allergy. These findings provide examples of how the genome can be used to guide research and to develop effective strategies for crop improvement in C. avellana.     

土壤干旱胁迫对酸枣叶片黄酮类代谢及某些生长和生理指标的影响

采用盆栽称量法研究了对照、中度和重度干旱(土壤相对含水量分别为75%、55%和35%)条件下1年生酸枣〔Ziziphus jujuba Mill.var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu ex H.F.Chow〕幼苗叶片中黄酮类成分含量及一些生长和生理指标的变化,并讨论了酸枣适应干旱过程中黄酮类成分的作用。结果表明:在中度和重度干旱条件下酸枣叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均高于对照,但经重度干旱处理后复水第7天PAL活性与对照无显著差异。与对照相比,中度干旱条件下叶片槲皮素含量基本无变化,总黄酮和芦丁含量分别显著或极显著增加,丙二醛和可溶性蛋白质含量无显著变化;与中度干旱条件相比,重度干旱条件下叶片总黄酮、芦丁和槲皮素含量显著或极显著下降,丙二醛含量不显著增加,可溶性蛋白质含量显著降低;与对照相比,重度干旱条件下总黄酮含量无明显变化,芦丁和丙二醛含量极显著或显著增加,槲皮素和可溶性蛋白质含量显著下降;复水第7天,总黄酮、芦丁和槲皮素含量均显著或极显著高于复水前,且总黄酮和芦丁含量显著高于对照,槲皮素含量与对照无显著差异;复水第1天至第4天,丙二醛含量呈先降后增再降的趋势、可溶性蛋白质含量则呈先降低后逐渐增加的趋势,其中复水第1天丙二醛含量显著高于复水前、可溶性蛋白质含量显著低于复水前。在中度或重度干旱胁迫后酸枣枝条长度均极显著小于对照,且随土壤相对含水量的降低枝条长度减小;叶片相对含水量也表现出随土壤相对含水量的降低逐渐减小的趋势,但差异不显著。研究结果提示:适宜的干旱胁迫可促进酸枣叶片黄酮类代谢,但在不同的干旱胁迫条件下,黄酮类代谢在酸枣抗旱过程中具有不同的作用。     

濒危植物长苞铁杉的地理分布和资源现状及致危因素分析

根据野外调查的结果,对福建天宝岩国家级自然保护区马石坑、广东南岭国家级自然保护区老蓬顶、湖南莽山国家级自然保护区泽子坪和鬼子寨、广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区小老山、贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区鱼坳、湖南黄桑国家级自然保护区源头山、湖南城步县奇山和江西大余县石溪的长苞铁杉〔Nothotsuga longibracteata(W.C.Cheng)Hu ex C.N.Page〕居群的生境和生存现状进行了比较分析。结果表明:长苞铁杉的地理分布相对狭窄,多呈零星或小片分布;该种正面临分布区缩小和居群规模下降,甚至濒临灭绝的危险。在长苞铁杉集中分布的这些区域,大多数居群面临生存威胁;各居群的个体数量有较大差异,其中,天宝岩居群最大,长苞铁杉数量达几千株;石溪居群和源头山居群最小,长苞铁杉数量只有几十株。全球气候变化、人类活动影响和本身更新困难是导致长苞铁杉濒危的原因,其中,人类活动影响是长苞铁杉致危的直接原因。根据长苞铁杉生存状况,建议对其伴生的阔叶树进行疏伐,适当开辟林窗,有利于长苞铁杉的更新;自然保护区的建立对长苞铁杉的保护发挥了重要的作用,而在其他非保护区的分布区,也应加大宣传力度并采取相应保护措施;实施迁地保护可以有效保护长苞铁杉这一珍稀树种。     

Predicting potential distribution of Ziziphus spinosa (Bunge) H.H. Hu ex F.H. Chen in China under climate change scenarios

Ziziphus spinosa (Bunge) H.H. Hu ex F.H. Chen is a woody plant species of the family Rhamnaceae (order Rhamnales) that possesses high nutritional and medicinal value. Predicting the effects of climate change on the distribution of Z. spinosa is of great significance for the investigation, protection, and exploitation of this germplasm resource. For this study, optimized maximum entropy models were employed to predict the distribution patterns and changes of its present (1970–2000) and future (2050s, 2070s, and 2090s) potential suitable regions in China under multiple climate scenarios (SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0 & SSP5‐8.5). The results revealed that the total area of the present potential suitable region for Z. spinosa is 162.60 × 10⁴ km², which accounts for 16.94% of China''s territory. Within this area, the regions having low, medium, and high suitability were 80.14 × 10⁴ km², 81.50 × 10⁴ km², and 0.96 × 10⁴ km², respectively, with the high suitability regions being distributed primarily in Shanxi, Hebei, and Beijing Provinces. Except for SSP‐1‐2.6‐2070s, SSP‐5‐8.5‐2070s, and SSP‐5‐8.5‐2090s, the suitable areas for Z. spinosa in the future increased to different degrees. Meanwhile, considering the distribution of Z. spinosa during different periods and under different climate scenarios, our study predicted that the low impact areas of Z. spinosa were mainly restricted to Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, and Jilin Provinces. The results of core distributional shifts showed that, except for SSP1‐2.6, the center of the potential suitable region of Z. spinosa exhibited a trend of gradually shifting to the northwest.     

中国榛属植物种质资源分布格局及其适生区气候评价

应用地理信息系统和统计学原理,研究中国榛属植物分布规律,评价适生区气候,分析气候因子对其分布的影响,并根据适生气候的相似性,探讨榛属植物种间关系。结果表明:国内榛属植物纬度分布范围在24°31'N~51°42'N,经度分布范围在85°55'E~132°12'E,主要分布区从东北—华北山区、秦岭和甘肃南部及河南—华中—西南呈斜带状分布,分布种数在华中地区达到最多;垂直分布自东至西随经度降低海拔逐渐升高,纬度对各种质分布海拔影响存在显著差异;年均气温和冷温是影响榛属植物分布的关键气候因子;榛属植物分布种数与各气候因子间的回归方程为:Y=11.883-0.051X1+0.131X2-0.003X4-0.004X5-0.001X6+0.051X8,根据分布区气候相似性进行聚类分析,将我国榛属植物分为3类:平榛和毛榛为一类,川榛、华榛、刺榛、绒苞榛和滇榛为一类,维西榛为一类。     

Studies on the Constituents of Chinese Traditional Drug Suan Zau Ren

Suan Zau Ren (the seeds of Zizyphus spinosus Hu) is a widely used chinese traditional drag for treatment of insomnia, neurasthenia and sometimes for sleepiness caused by physical emaciation in chinese traditional medicine. Its dichloromethane extract afforded four pentacyclic triterpenes of the lup-20(29)-en group, namely betulin (Ⅱ), betulinic acid(Ⅰ), ceanothic acid(Ⅲ), and alphitolic acid (Ⅳ), and one sterol, daucosterol (Ⅴ). Their structures were identified by the spectroscopic analysis. The later three compounds were isolated from Suan Zau Ren for the first time.     

榛子种质资源、育种及栽培技术研究进展

榛子是一种重要的经济植物资源,其果实营养及经济价值高,是世界四大干果之一,市场需求量大,国内供不应求。本文综述了国内外榛子种质资源分布现状、引种、品种选育及栽培技术等方面的研究进展,简要评述了中国榛子种质资源利用与规模化种植中存在的问题,展望了相关研究的发展方向,以期为我国榛树良种选育、规范栽培技术及开发研究等提供参考。     

巴东木莲等位酶的遗传多样性

采用超薄平板聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦技术对中国特有濒危植物巴东木莲(Manglietia patungensis Hu)的遗传多样性进行了初步的分析。通过对8个酶系统18个酶位点的检测,结果表明,巴东木莲具有较高的遗传多样性。种水平多态位点的百分数(Ps)为66．7,平均预期杂合度(He)为0．178。高于多年生木本植物的平均水平。居群间分化系数为0．107,说明巴东木莲的遗传变异的89．3％来自于居群内。     

鄂北高贵山种子植物区系研究

通过对高贵山地区143科504属954种种子植物的统计分析,显示了该植物区系成分的丰富性,南北植物融合性,温带成分的主体性和原始,孑遗植物以及珍稀濒危植物的集中性,说明该植物区系在华东植物区系向华中植物区系过渡中起着重要的作用。