SHIV-XJ02170感染恒河猴后期的传代特点和env基因变异

目的研究SHIV-XJ02170在中国恒河猴感染后期传代过程中病毒和宿主的变化特点,并分析env基因的序列变异。方法将感染中国恒河猴G0401V后期（5年）的SHIV-XJ02170病毒垂直传代2只猴（G0401V→G0402V→0403V）,同时,剔除G0401V猴CD8＋T细胞使潜伏的病毒大量复制后传代1只猴（G0401V→G0404V）,应用流式细胞术、病毒载量测定、序列分析等方法研究该病毒在猴体内长期适应后的病毒和免疫学指标及序列变异特点。结果 G0401V在感染后期仍能稳定传代,且表现出毒力增强的特点。其传代猴G0402V在传代后41 d死亡,外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞衰竭,仅为43个/mL,符合艾滋病感染猴快速进展型的特征。剔除体内CD8＋T细胞之后的传代猴G0404V的表现类似G0401V,即长期低水平的病毒血症水平。env基因序列分析发现SHIV-XJ02170在G0401V体内长期适应后发生了可遗传的序列变异,并引起糖基化位点的改变。结论 SHIV-XJ02170在猴体长期适应后的传代过程中表现出向强毒株过渡的特征,为进行SHIV-XJ02170感染性克隆的构建奠定了良好的实验基础。     

Viral infection and neural stem/progenitor cell's fate: implications in brain development and neurological disorders

Viral infections in the prenatal (during pregnancy) and perinatal period have been a common cause of brain malformation. Besides the immediate neurological dysfunctions, virus infections may critically affect CNS development culminating in long-term cognitive deficits. Most of these neurotropic viruses are most damaging at a critical stage of the host, when the brain is in a dynamic stage of development. The neuropathology can be attributed to the massive neuronal loss induced by the virus as well as lack of CNS repair owing to a deficit in the neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) pool or aberrant formation of new neurons from NSPCs. Being one of the mitotically active populations in the post natal brain, the NSPCs have emerged as the potential targets of neurotropic viruses. The NSPCs are self-renewing and multipotent cells residing in the neurogenic niches of the brain, and, therefore, hampering the developmental fate of these cells may adversely affect the overall neurogenesis pattern. A number of neurotropic viruses utilize NSPCs as their cellular reservoirs and often establish latent and persistent infection in them. Both HIV and Herpes virus infect NSPCs over long periods of time and reactivation of the virus may occur later in life. The virus infected NSPCs either undergoes cell cycle arrest or impaired neuronal or glial differentiation, all of which leads to impaired neurogenesis. The disturbances in neurogenesis and CNS development following neurotropic virus infections have direct implications in the viral pathogenesis and long-term neurobehavioral outcome in infected individuals.     

Platelet-rich plasma provides nucleus for mineralization in cultures of partially differentiated periodontal ligament cells

Summary Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used to promote periodontal regeneration following the premise that constituent transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and platelet-derived growth factor-AB will stimulate cell proliferation at the site of application. In previous studies, we demonstrated that PRP mimics TGF-β1 to modulate proliferation in a cell type-specific manner, that fibrin clot formation by PRP upregulates type I collagen, and that an unidentified factor(s) in PRP increases alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cell cultures. We have now examined the effects of PRP on in vitro mineralization. Platelet-rich plasma and PDL cells were prepared from human adult volunteers or rats. After 20 d of continuous treatment with PRP in dexamethazone (Dex)-containing osteogenic medium, PRP time dependently promoted mineralization by rat PDL cells but failed to fully induce the osteoblastic phenotype. Furthermore, when human PDL cells were induced to increase ALP activity in osteogenic medium that lacked Dex, a condition that should delay (or suppress) osteoblastic differentiation, transmission electron microscopy revealed that mineralized spicules were initially deposited onto PRP-derived platelet aggregates. Taken together with our previous data, these findings suggest that PRP provides platelet aggregates as nuclei to initiate mineralization while stimulating PDL cell proliferation, differentiation, and collagen production. The combination of these effects may effectively mediate PRP's ability to promote regeneration of periodontal tissue, including skeletal tissue, at the site of injury.     

Comparative analysis of the secretory proteome of human adipose stromal vascular fraction cells during adipogenesis

Adipogenesis is a complex process that is accompanied by a number of molecular events. In this study, a proteomic approach was adopted to identify secretory factors associated with adipogenesis. A label‐free shotgun proteomic strategy was implemented to analyze proteins secreted by human adipose stromal vascular fraction cells and differentiated adipocytes. A total of 474 proteins were finally identified and classified according to quantitative changes and statistical significances. Briefly, 177 proteins were significantly upregulated during adipogenesis (Class I), whereas 60 proteins were significantly downregulated (Class II). Changes in the expressions of several proteins were confirmed by quantitative RT‐PCR and immunoblotting. One obvious finding based on proteomic data was that the amounts of several extracellular modulators of Wnt and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling changed during adipogenesis. The expressions of secreted frizzled‐related proteins, dickkopf‐related proteins, and latent TGF‐β‐binding proteins were found to be altered during adipogenesis, which suggests that they participate in the fine regulation of Wnt and TGF‐β signaling. This study provides useful tools and important clues regarding the roles of secretory factors during adipogenic differentiation, and provides information related to obesity and obesity‐related metabolic diseases.     

Identification of key genes responsible for cytokine-induced erythroid and myeloid differentiation and switching of hematopoietic stem cells by RAGE

We utilized a unique culture system to analyze the expression patterns of gene, protein, and cell surface antigen, and the biological process of the related genes in erythroid and myeloid differentiation and switching of hematopoietic stem cells （HSCs） in response to cytokine alterations. Gene-specific fragments （266） identified from five populations of cytokine-stimulated HSCs were categorized into three groups： （1） expressed specifically in a single cell population; （2） expressed in two cell populations, and （3） expressed in three or more populations. Of 145 defined cDNAs, three （2%） were novel genes. Protein two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry analyses showed overlapped and distinguished protein expression profiles in the cell populations studied. Biological process mapping of mRNAs expressed in erythroid and myeloid lineages indicated that mRNAs shared by both lineages attended ＇core processes,＇ whereas genes specifically expressed in either lineage alone were related to specific processes or cellular maturation. Data from this study support the hypothesis that committed HSCs （El4 or G14） cells can still be redirected to develop into myeloid or erythroid cells when erythropoietin （EPO） is replaced with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor （G-CSF） under erythroid-cultured condition or G-CSF with EPO in myeloid-cultured environment, respectively. Our results suggest that genes or proteins co-expressed in erythroid and myeloid lineages may be essential for the lineage maintenance and switching in hematopoiesis.     

The high viscosity encountered during freezing in glycerol solutions: effects on cryopreservation

The objective of this study was to determine the viscosity of the residual unfrozen solution that cells are exposed to during freezing in the presence of glycerol and use this to interpret some key aspects of cryopreservation. The viscosity of the glycerol-water binary system exceeded 1000 cP at -40 degrees C, whilst the viscosity of the ternary system, glycerol-water-NaCl, exceeded 100,000 cP at -55 degrees C. The effect of these high viscosities on the diffusion of water at a constant temperature during freezing and during cooling at different linear rates has been estimated. At rates of cooling faster than 100 degrees C min(-1) the diffusion distance during freezing was calculated to be less than 15 microm. Validation of the diffusion calculations was confirmed by examination of the ultrastructure of the freeze concentrated matrix in samples prepared at a range of cooling rates. At a critical rate of cooling, water diffusion becomes limited by the high viscosity and two phenomena, of relevance to cryobiology, occur: (1) the composition of the freeze concentrated matrix around cells deviates from that of the equilibrium phase diagram; and (2) the osmotic loss of water from cells is restricted. These factors are of particular relevance to an understanding of the response of cells such as spermatozoa, red blood cells, and bacteria cooled rapidly with glycerol as cryoprotectant.     

Single-Cell Sequencing of iPSC-Dopamine Neurons Reconstructs Disease Progression and Identifies HDAC4 as a Regulator of Parkinson Cell Phenotypes

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Mast Cell-Derived Histamine Regulates Liver Ketogenesis via Oleoylethanolamide Signaling

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