以淀粉为碳源衣康酸高产菌株的筛选

对土曲霉出发菌株进行紫外线诱变、LiCl诱变以及代谢终产物抗性菌株选育。代谢终产物抗性菌株选育是一种有效的遗传育种方法,能显著提高产酸量。得到一株代号为At394的菌株,以玉米淀粉部分水解糖为碳源,产酸量为53.9g/L,比出发菌株提高了42.6%。糖酸转化率为61.5%,为所有筛选菌株最高。用红外光谱进行结构分析证实所得产物为衣康酸。     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米和棉花内源激素的影响*

在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根（Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ　ｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｓ,ＡＭ）真菌：ＧｉｇａｓｐｏｒａｒｏｓｅａＮｉｃｏｌ．＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ　ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｎｉｃｏｌ．＆　Ｇｅｒｄ．）Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ　＆Ｔｒａｐｐｅ和Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ　ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ　（Ｋａｒｓｔｅｎ）Ｂｅｒｅｈ对玉米和棉花植株内源激素的影响。结果表明,ＡＭ真菌在正常供水和干旱条件下均能显著提高玉米和棉花植株叶片和根内玉米素、生长素和赤霉素的含量,并降低脱落酸的含量。在植物体内含磷量、生长量及其生长发育阶段等一致、仅存在接种与不接种唯一差异条件下,供试ＡＭ真菌同样能改变玉米和棉花植株内源激素的平衡状况。接种处理植株的脱落酸含量与气孔阻力呈正相关关系。表明玉米和棉花植株抗旱性和生长状况的改善与ＡＭ真菌改变内源激素的平衡状况有关。接种ＡＭ真菌的植株表现较强的抗旱性;其生长量也显著大于不接种的对照。ＧＩ．ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ的效应最大。     

贵州玉米田害虫绿色灯光防控技术研究

为探明贵州玉米田昆虫群落结构和杀虫灯对害虫的防治效果,选取贵州玉米田3个具有代表性的点分别安装诱虫灯,进行诱集调查,并对近灯区（距离灯20 m以内）、远灯区（距离灯20~150 m）和对照区的昆虫种群消长情况进行田间调查。结果表明,贵州玉米田昆虫共有11目66科132种,主要为同翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目、直翅目、双翅目和半翅目类昆虫;灯诱共获得89个种类,其中害虫占64.77%,益虫占15.91%,中性昆虫占19.32%。田间调查结果显示,近灯区物种丰富度最高,对照区次之,远灯区最低;近灯区玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis、黏虫Mythimna seperata (Walker)、灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus和条赤须盲蝽Trigonotylus coelestialium (Kirkaldy)等趋光性昆虫的种群数量长期高于其他区域。综上所述,风吸式诱虫灯对玉米田害虫有较好的防治效果,为玉米田害虫的绿色防控提供了参考。     

应用固定化里氏木霉糖化玉米秆纤维素的研究

采用多孔聚酯材料固定里氏木霉（TrichodermareeseiRutC30）菌丝细胞,将固定化细胞在生长限制条件下重复分批培养,使纤维酶的合成与玉米秆纤维原料的酶解糖化耦合在一个反应器中同时进行。在30℃、初始pH4.8、摇瓶转速150r／min的条件下,连续重复进行12次分批培养试验。每批玉米秆用量为60g／L,培养周期4．5d,共54d。培养液中含滤纸酶活力平均为0.70IU／ml,还原糖26．41g／L,糖化率达到理论值的89.11％。固定化菌丝形态正常,菌量保持在10g／L左右。在间歇添料条件下,玉米秆原料的总量可提高到120g／L,7d后还原糖浓度达52.81g／L,糖化率为89．20％。利用固定化里氏木霉同时产酶和糖化植物纤维原料,工艺简便、成本低廉、易于连续自动化操作,是一条有效利用可再生纤维素资源的新途径。     

灌溉施肥深度对玉米同化物分配和水分利用效率的影响

 以夏玉米（Zea mays L.）（陕单9号）为供试材料,采用置于遮雨棚下的模拟土柱的方法,进行了不同灌溉施肥深度对夏玉米生长发育、地上与地下部分同化物分配、产量及水分利用效率的影响的试验研究。灌溉施肥深度分4个处理：表面灌施;20 cm 深度灌水施肥;30 cm 深度灌水施肥和40 cm深度灌水施肥。后3个处理为土表下灌施处理。4个重复。试验结果表明：土表下灌施抑制了玉米生育早期的地上部分生长,使根系向土壤中下层的分布加强,从而保证了作物中后期对水分养分的吸收利用,提高了水分利用效率。在本试验条件下,玉     

Ultrasound effect on physical properties of corn starch

High power ultrasound (HPU) represents a non-thermal processing method that has been rapidly researched and used in the last 10 years. The application of power ultrasound offers the opportunity to modify and improve some technologically important compounds which are often used in food products. One of them is starch. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of the high power ultrasound of 24 kHz frequency on rheological and some physical properties of corn starch. Various ultrasound treatments were used; an ultrasound probe set with different intensities (34, 55, 73 W cm⁻²) and treatment times (15 and 30 min) and ultrasound bath of 2 W cm⁻² intensity and treatment times (15 and 30 min). Rheological parameters, turbidity and swelling power of corn starch suspensions were determined for native and ultrasonically treated corn starch suspensions. Differential scanning calorimetry was used in order to examine the pasting properties of corn starch. The results have shown that the ultrasound treatment of corn starch distorts the crystalline region in starch granules. The results of differential scanning calorimetry measurements have shown a decrease in enthalpy of gelatinization. A significant decrease in consistency coefficient (k) has also been observed. The consistency coefficient decreases stepwise jointly with the increasing ultrasound power. The increase in the swelling power is associated with water absorption capacity and corn starch granules solubility, respectively.     

Genetic studies of corn (Zea mays L.) anther culture response

Summary Anthers of two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines, DBTS (P₁) and B73 (P₂), their F₁, F₂ and first backcross generations — F₁ x DBTS (B₁), and F₁ x B73 (B₂) — were float cultured in YP medium to study the inheritance of corn anther culturability using generation mean analysis. Significant effects of generation were observed for the three traits measured: anther response (%), frequency of embryos (%) and anther productivity. Variation among the generations was similar for anther response and frequency of embryos: no significant differences were found among the P₁, F₁, F₂ and B₁ means, but the means of P₂ and B₂ were significantly lower than those of the other generations. For anther productivity, the F₂ generation tended to have a slightly higher tendency for multiple embryo formation. A simple additive-dominance model was adequate in explaining the inheritance of anther response and frequency of embryos, but digenic epistasis (additive x dominance) was involved in the inheritance of anther productivity. Additive genetic variance was higher than non-additive genetic variance for all the traits; however, only environmental variance was significant. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were 65% and 75% for anther response and frequency of embryos, respectively. Significant inter-plant variation was observed within generations, even for the inbred line DBTS, but isozymic analysis involving five enzyme loci did not reveal any genotypic variability within the inbred lines DBTS and B73.     

Expression of alcohol-soluble endosperm proteins in maize single and double mutants

Summary Many maize (Zea mays L.) mutant genes exist. Some affect protein content or composition, while others modify carbohydrates or kernel phenotype. In doublemutant lines, two mutant genes are present. We know little about interactions of such genes, however. We therefore examined a normal maize inbred, B37, 10 near-isogenic single mutants and 46 double mutants to analyze quantitative effects on alcohol-soluble endosperm proteins. Proteins were extracted with 70% ethanol0.5% sodium acetate-5% mercaptoethanol, and fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Early peaks were alcohol-soluble glutelin (ASG) subunits, while late peaks contained zein. Results were quantified and statistically analyzed. In many double mutants, protein compositions differed significantly from averages of compositions of corresponding single mutants. For example, a high-methionine, water-insoluble ASG is absent when the opaque-2 (o2) gene combines with shrunken-1 (sh1) or surgary-1 (su1). Another water-insoluble ASG nearly doubled when floury-2 (fl2) andsu1 combined. A high-proline, high-histidine, water-soluble ASG nearly doubled in combinations offl2 witho2,su1 and sugary-2 (su2). Zein was about half its expected value wheno2 combined with amylose-extender (ae), floury-1 (fl1), soft-starch (h),sh1 andsu1. Thus, rapid protein extraction and quantitative RP-HPLC showed major new epistatic and synergistic effects of several mutant genes on protein composition. Unexpectedly, these effects often involve genes that primarily affect starch composition or kernel phenotype. Alcohol-soluble proteins often vary in amount, as ino2 lines. They also differ in nutritional value. Thus, RP-HPLC analysis of these proteins can identify nutritionally superior genotypes, and may help explain the basis of such quality.Presented at the XVI International Congress of Genetics, Toronto, Canada, August 20–27, 1988     

Assimilation of carbon by the soil biomass

Summary The stoichiometry of soil biomass synthesis was studied with glucose, glucose+N, alfalfa and corn leaf amended soil. Equations describing the quantitative relationship found for the dissimilation of substrate C and related oxidative assimilation of C by the biomass were developed. The analytical approach involved measurement of soluble C consumed by persulfate oxidation (POC). Carbon flow patterns showed that the observed decrease in POC correlated well with an increase in cell C (0–44 h). With glucose alone 47% of the initial POC was consumed and with glucose+N 99% of the POC was utilized. Alfalfa and corn leaf residues also showed sharp decreases in initial POC. Marked differences in C uptake were noted depending on the soil treatment and specific incubation period. An equation was developed which predicts C assimilation level and related soil biomass weights from decreases in POC.     

High frequency callus formation from maize protoplasts

Summary A solid feeder layer technique was developed to improve callus formation of Black Mexican Sweet maize (Zea mays L.) suspension culture protoplasts. Protoplasts were plated in 0.2 ml liquid media onto a cellulose nitrate filter on top of agarose-solidified media in which Black Mexican Sweet suspension feeder cells were embedded. Callus colony formation frequencies exceeding 10% of the plated protoplasts were obtained for densities of 10³–10⁵ protoplasts/ 0.2 ml, which was 100- to 1,000-fold higher than colony formation frequencies obtained for conventional protoplast plating methods such as liquid culture or embedding in agarose media. Compared with conventional methods, the feeder layer method gave higher colony formation frequencies for three independently maintained Black Mexican Sweet suspension lines. Differences among the three lines indicated that colony formation frequencies might also be influenced by the suspension culture maintenance regime and length of time on different 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations. The callus colony formation frequency reported is an essential prerequesite for recovering rare mutants or genetically transformed maize protoplasts.