冬虫夏草的微循环产孢及其无性型的分离*

从采自云南德钦白马雪山的冬虫夏草子实体上,利用改进的子囊孢子弹射法获得其无性型中国被毛孢,并利用冬虫夏草子囊孢子的微循环产孢和无性型菌丝的载片培养,证明我们获得纯培养是冬虫夏草的无性型。     

虫草素产量不同的蛹虫草菌株代谢组差异

为探究虫草素高产和低产的两株蛹虫草菌代谢差异及其与虫草素代谢的关联性,本研究采用UPLC-QTOF-MS广泛靶向代谢组学技术和多元统计分析方法,结合相同蛹虫草菌不同发酵时间的菌丝体差异代谢物相对含量的变化情况,比较了两株蛹虫草菌相同发酵时间的菌丝体代谢差异.结果 表明:蛹虫草ClCC 14014菌株发酵第20和10天的...     

基于转录组分析高温抑制广东虫草原基形成的调控网络

在大型真菌原基形成和子实体发育的过程中,温度是一个极其关键的因素,高温显著影响多种食用菌原基的形成和子实体的品质。广东虫草是中国华南地区特有的虫草类新食品原料,其子实体富含多种活性成分和营养成分,且能够进行较大规模人工栽培。然而,温度对广东虫草原基形成的影响及调控机制尚不清楚。本研究通过不同温度处理不同时间段,发现29℃处理3d抑制了广东虫草原基的形成;对29℃处理3d处理前后的菌丝阶段（CK）和原基阶段（CK-P和HT-P）样品进行转录组测序分析,高温处理后原基阶段的两个组中发现1 682个差异表达基因,其中1 015个上调表达和667个下调表达。在碳水化合物代谢途径中,多个糖酵解和三羧酸循环及葡聚糖和海藻糖合成相关基因在高温处理后呈现下调表达;在原基样品中,多个热激蛋白基因（Hsp10、Hsp23、DnaJ、Hsp70、Hsp90和Hsp98）和转录因子C2H2转录水平显著上调表达。本研究结果基于分子水平揭示了高温影响原基形成过程中能量代谢和相关基因的差异表达,为后续利用广东虫草抗逆相关基因资源培育新品种奠定了重要的基础。     

腐生培养下爪哇虫草对寄主的转录组响应

爪哇虫草菌是广谱性虫生真菌,具有防治膜翅目社会性昆虫红火蚁Solenopsis invicta的生防潜能。为探究蚁巢弃尸堆中携菌虫体在侵染循环链的关键作用,探讨腐生条件下爪哇虫草Cordyceps javanica响应寄主的分子致病机制,本研究通过向培养基添加冷冻干燥的虫尸粉进行诱导,对诱导前后的菌丝孢子混合体进行转录组测序分析。结果表明,与纯培养条件相比,菌株经虫尸粉诱导后发掘新基因1 912个,有379个得到功能注释。显著差异表达基因有242个,上调表达基因111个,下调表达基因131个;GO富集分析表明,生物学过程的代谢过程和细胞过程、细胞组分的细胞结构体及分子功能中参与催化活性和结合相关的基因可能在爪哇虫草响应寄主过程中发挥了重要作用;KEGG分类和富集分析表明,代谢过程分类的色氨酸代谢、缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸降解、糖酵解/糖原异生和乙醛酸和二羧酸酯代谢,遗传信息过程分类的碱基切除修复和内质网的蛋白质加工,环境信息过程分类的ABC转运蛋白和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路,细胞过程分类的自噬和过氧物酶体通路是爪哇虫草的主要代谢途径。随机筛选8个差异表达基因进行实时荧光定量PCR验证,这些基因的表达模式与转录组数据分析结果基本一致。本研究结果表明,爪哇虫草在适应腐生环境过程中与氨基酸代谢和能量代谢相关的基因活跃,这可能是其在垂直和水平扩散过程中需维持侵染力,为自身提供营养并转化为能量和中间产物等物质所致。     

农杆菌介导的蛹虫草营养缺陷型菌株和遗传转化体系的构建

【背景】天然蛹虫草是蛹虫草菌侵染昆虫蛹或虫形成的子实体,具有非常重要的生物药理活性。目前蛹虫草基因组测序已经完成,但是其分子生物学研究较少。【目的】在蛹虫草中构建一种以尿苷/尿嘧啶营养缺陷型为筛选标记的农杆菌介导的转基因体系。【方法】乳清酸核苷-5′-磷酸（orotidine-5′-monophosphate,OMP）脱羧酶为尿嘧啶合成必需酶,利用根癌农杆菌介导的转化（Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation,ATMT）方法,通过同源重组对蛹虫草野生型菌株中该酶的编码基因pyrG进行敲除,构建尿苷/尿嘧啶营养缺陷型突变体。然后,利用本实验室已有的米曲霉pyrG为筛选标记的二元转化载体,通过农杆菌转化法对该营养缺陷型菌株进行遗传转化。【结果】通过同源重组法,成功敲除pyrG构建了尿嘧啶营养缺陷型蛹虫草,以此为背景,在22℃共培养66h,成功对蛹虫草实现转基因,转化效率为（75±35）/10⁶孢子。另外,本研究还发现丝状真菌常用的构巢曲霉3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶启动子PgpdA及α淀粉酶启动子PamyB不能在蛹虫草...     

Improved Biological Activities of Isoepoxypteryxin by Biotransformation

Isoepoxypteryxin is the major coumarin of a Japanese medicinal plant Angelica shikokiana. This research was designed to study the effect of structural changes through fungal biotransformation on the reported biological activities of isoepoxypteryxin. Among the tested microorganisms, only Cordyceps sinensis had enzymes that could catalyze the ester hydrolysis and the reductive cleavage of the epoxide ring of isoepoxypteryxin, separately, to give two more polar metabolites (+)‐cis‐khellactone ( P1 ) and a new coumarin derivative (+)‐cis‐3′‐[(2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxybutanoyl)oxy]‐4′‐acetoxy‐3′,4′‐dihydroseselin ( P2 ), respectively. The polar metabolite P2 showed stronger cytotoxicity and higher selectivity than isoepoxypteryxin. On the molecular level, P2 showed more in vitro inhibition of both tubulin polymerization and histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8). Similarly, P2 showed more neuroprotection against amyloid beta fragment 1 – 42 (Aβ_{1 – 42})‐induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells (SH‐SY5Y) and exhibited more inhibition of the in vitro aggregation of Aβ_{1 – 42}. Both metabolites showed stronger antiplatelet aggregation by increased inhibition of thromboxane‐A2 synthase (TXS) activity and thromboxane‐A2 (TXA2) production. This study is the first to describe the improved cytotoxic, neuroprotective, and antiplatelet aggregation activities of isoepoxypteryxin through its biotransformation by C. sinensis.     

虫草发酵菌丝体对胰岛素抵抗大鼠氧化应激的缓解作用

探究虫草发酵菌丝体对胰岛素抵抗(IR)大鼠氧化应激的影响。采用低中高剂量虫草发酵菌丝体(剂量分别为1.65g/kg饲料,3.30g/kg饲料和6.60g/kg饲料)分别干预IR大鼠。口服葡萄糖耐量实验观察不同剂量虫草发酵菌丝体的降糖效果,同时观察血脂、氧化应激水平的变化情况。RT-PCR法测肌肉、肝脏组织氧化应激相关基因Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1mRNA相对表达量,Westernblot法测其蛋白相对表达量。结果发现CM干预能够显著改善IR大鼠空腹血糖、血脂和机体氧化应激水平,肌肉、肝脏组织Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1mRNA相对表达量显著上升,肝脏Nrf2和NQO1蛋白相对表达量显著上调,并且具有剂量依赖性。说明CM具有缓解IR大鼠氧化应激的作用。     

虫草培养基添加剂对Wistar大鼠生长发育和繁殖性能的影响

目的探讨虫草培养基添加剂对Wistar大鼠生长发育和繁殖性能的影响。方法将虫草培养基添加在正常大鼠饲料中进行大鼠喂养试验,观察Wistar大鼠的生长发育和交配以及产仔情况进行统计分析。取大鼠卵巢和睾丸组织进行病理组织学观察。结果虫草培养基添加剂饲喂大鼠后,大鼠增重缓慢,雄性大鼠的饲料利用率有所增加,大鼠交配成功率和窝产仔数基本与对照组没有差异,大鼠卵巢和睾丸组织未受到器质性显微损伤。结论虫草培养基添加剂对大鼠生长发育和繁殖性能无特殊影响。     

Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi to eggs and larvae of Spodoptera litura,the common cutworm

The eggs and second instar larvae of Spodoptera litura were treated with different concentrations of conidial suspensions of six isolates of fungi belonging to five species, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metschnikov) Sorokin (ARSEF 7487), Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & W Gams (ARSEF 7037 and ARSEF 6118), Cordyceps cardinalis (ARSEF 7193), Fusarium lateritium Nees (ARSEF 8291/MTCC 9050) and Aspergillus sp. (ARSEF 8519). In bioassay with unscaled eggs, M. anisopliae, C. cardinalis, F. lateritium and Aspergillus sp. resulted in 100% mortality above 10⁶ conidia/mL. However, with scaled egg masses, the highest hatching rate (56%) was observed with L. muscarium (ARSEF 6118) whereas the lowest hatchings were observed in the case of M. anisopliae followed by L. muscarium (ARSEF 7037), Aspergillus sp., F. lateritium, and C. cardinalis. The larvae were also found susceptible to all isolates in a dose dependent manner. Three promising isolates against larvae, viz. M. anisopliae, F. lateritium and L. muscarium (ARSEF 7037) resulted in average percent mortalities of 88, 89 and 77%, respectively at ≈10⁸ conidia/mL. When both larvae and the leaves (provided as food) were treated with ≈10⁸ conidia/mL, mortality further increased for these isolates. Based on the mortality data and the LC₅₀ values, we suggest that M. anisopliae, F. lateritium and L. muscarium (ARSEF 7037) could be developed as potential biocontrol agents against rice cutworm in IPM programs.     

Molecular phylogeny of the entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Cordyceps (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) and its evolutionary implications

Abstract Cordyceps is an endoparasite ascomycetous genus containing approximately 450 species with a diversity of insect hosts, traditionally included in the family Clavicipitaceae of Ascomycota. Establishing the relationships among species with a varied range of morphologies and hosts is of importance to our understanding of the phylogeny and co‐evolution of parasites and hosts in entomopathogenic ascomycetes. To this end, we used a combination of molecular index and morphological characters from 40 representative species to carry out comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses. Based on the phylogenetic tree, we used the program DISCRETE for inferring the rates of evolution and finding ancestral states of morphological character. The phylogenetic analyses revealed two important points. (i) Types of perithecia attached to stroma reflected an evolutionary trend in Cordyceps. The vertically immersed perithecia form was the ancestral state, superficial and obliquely immersed perithecia were derived characters, obliquely immersed was irreversible. Species with obliquely immersed perithecia were in a closely related group and were the derived group. (ii) A strong correlation between fungal relatedness and the microhabitat supported the hypothesis that the host jumps through commingling in soil microhabitats. Based on the results of these analyses, host switching explains the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Cordyceps.