Termite resistance of solid wood and plywood treated with quaternary ammonia compounds and common fire retardants

The ability of termites to attack solid wood and plywood treated with quaternary ammonia compounds and common fire retardants was evaluated. The plywood and solid-wood specimens treated with either monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulfate (AS), didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), or didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF) were subjected to termite resistance tests using the subterranean termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki under laboratory conditions. The lowest mass losses and the highest termite mortalities were obtained for the solid-wood and plywood specimens treated with DDAC and DBF. Higher termite mortalities were seen in the plywood specimens treated with the fire retardants when compared to the solid-wood specimens. The MAP, DAP, and AS treatments lowered the mass losses in both solid-wood and plywood specimens in comparison with control specimens; however, DBF and DDAC protected specimens well against termite attack at both concentration levels tested.     

Bacterial microbiome of Coptotermes curvignathus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) reflects the coevolution of species and dietary pattern

Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren is capable of feeding on living trees. This ability is attributed to their effective digestive system that is furnished by the termite's own cellulolytic enzymes and cooperative enzymes produced by their gut microbes. In this study, the identity of an array of diverse microbes residing in the gut of C. curvignathus was revealed by sequencing the near‐full‐length 16S rRNA genes. A total of 154 bacterial phylotypes were found. The Bacteroidetes was the most abundant phylum and accounted for about 65% of the gut microbial profile. This is followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Spirochetes, Proteobacteria, TM7, Deferribacteres, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Termite Group 1. Based on the phylogenetic study, this symbiosis can be a result of long coevolution of gut enterotypes with the phylogenic distribution, strong selection pressure in the gut, and other speculative pressures that determine bacterial biome to follow. The phylogenetic distribution of cloned rRNA genes in the bacterial domain that was considerably different from other termite reflects the strong selection pressures in the gut where a proportional composition of gut microbiome of C. curvignathus has established. The selection pressures could be linked to the unique diet preference of C. curvignathus that profoundly feeds on living trees. The delicate gut microbiome composition may provide available nutrients to the host as well as potential protection against opportunistic pathogen.     

花蚬酶解物清除羟自由基作用研究

探讨了不同蛋白酶酶解花蚬蛋白所得酶解物对Fenton体系产生的羟自由基(.OH)的清除效果,然后进行Sephadex G-25凝胶柱分离酶解产物中的抗氧化活性肽,并测定活性肽相对分子质量分布。结果表明:木瓜蛋白酶在50℃、酶解30 min、pH=7.5、酶质量分数0.15%、m(底物)∶m(水)=1∶2的水解条件下,酶解物对羟自由基的清除效果最佳,清除率为86.9%;胰蛋白酶在温度55℃、酶解时间85 min、pH=8.0、酶质量分数0.30%、m(底物)∶m(水)=1∶2的水解条件下,酶解物对羟自由基清除效果最佳,清除率为89.5%。木瓜蛋白酶酶解物在最大洗脱峰时,清除率为84.73%,在最大峰处酶解物中活性肽的相对分子质量为5.68×103;胰蛋白酶酶解物有两个洗脱峰,在最大洗脱峰处分离组分对羟自由基的清除率很低,在较小洗脱峰处,其清除率为88.49%,该峰处活性肽的相对分子质量为1.165×104。     

密粘褶菌松木粉培养物对黑翅土白蚁的生物活性

【目的】研究密粘褶菌Gloeophyllum trabeum(Pers.:Fr.)Murr松木粉培养物对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki)的生物活性。【方法】比较了密粘褶菌松木粉培养物不同溶剂提取液对采食工蚁的踪迹和引诱活性,研究不同浓度正己烷和乙酸乙酯提取液的引诱活性变化。【结果】正己烷提取液表现出高引诱活性和踪迹活性,乙酸乙酯、三氯甲烷、丙酮提取液具有高引诱活性和较低踪迹活性,甲醇、乙醇提取液表现出较高踪迹活性和较低引诱活性。正己烷提取液浓度与趋性反应率的回归方程为y=12.561ln(x)+50.11;乙酸乙酯提取液浓度与趋性反应率的回归方程为y=12.161ln(x)+51.411。【结论】密粘褶菌松木粉培养物对黑翅土白蚁采食工蚁具有明显的踪迹和引诱活性。正己烷和甲醇提取液的踪迹活性最强,乙酸乙酯和正己烷提取液的引诱活性最强。正己烷和乙酸乙酯提取液对采食工蚁的引诱活性具有很好的浓度相关性。     

三种天然饵料对两种白蚁的野外诱食效果

为筛选一种容易取材、价格低廉且诱食效果较佳的天然饵料,在野外测定了隆缘桉树皮、杉树皮和甘蔗渣三种饵料对黑翅土白蚁和黄翅大白蚁的诱食效果。结果表明在非选择性取食试验中,桉树皮、杉树皮和甘蔗渣在埋插后15 d的诱食率为84.26%、77.78%和8.33%;在选择性取食试验中,桉树皮、杉树皮和甘蔗渣在埋插后15 d的诱食率为87.04%、81.48%和9.26%。在两种试验条件下,桉树皮和杉树皮对两种白蚁均有较好的诱食效果,且两者之间的差异不显著,甘蔗渣对两种白蚁的诱食效果较差。     

白蚁共生放线菌的抗菌活性筛选及菌株BY02的初步鉴定

利用平板分离法从黑翅土白蚁中分离出10株共生放线菌,活性筛选表明其中菌株BY02具有较好的抗菌活性,对所有供试菌的抑制率均大于80%,进一步研究表明其活性物质主要集中在中等极性部位,经形态学观察和16S rRNA序列分析初步确定该菌株为Streptomyces parvulus。BY02作为微生物源杀菌剂值得进一步研究。     

固相微萃取技术在白蚁表皮碳氢化合物分析中的应用

利用固相微萃取(SPME)技术对白蚁表皮碳氢化合物进行萃取,选出较适合的萃取头,适宜的萃取温度和时间,同时利用GC-MS分析白蚁表皮碳氢化合物的组成成分及含量。结果表明,该白蚁表皮中含有24种碳氢化合物,主要为11,13-二甲基二十六烷烃(33.34%)和2,4,6,-三甲基二十七烷烃(15.75%)。     

黑翅土白蚁有翅成虫复眼的形态结构

采用组织切片法光镜下观察黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki)有翅成虫的复眼形态结构及光、暗适应条件下色素颗粒移动的规律。结果如下:(1)头正前方观,复眼外部形态略呈圆形。(2)有翅成虫复眼类型属于并列像眼,每只复眼约由360个小眼组成。(3)每个小眼是由1套屈光器(1个角膜和1个晶锥)、小网膜色素细胞、视杆和基细胞等几部分组成。小网膜色素细胞内均含有丰富的色素颗粒。(4)在光适应条件状态下,屈光器及视杆周围的色素颗粒主要分布在视杆部位的上侧,暗度适应条件状态时则较均匀地分布于视杆两侧上下;性别对色素颗粒分布无明显影响。     

台湾乳白蚁对南宁市园林树木的为害及其筑巢规律

在广西南宁市调查台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki对园林绿化树木的危害情况及其筑巢规律。结果表明,在调查的57种树木中,有44种树木受到台湾乳白蚁的侵害,占调查树种的77.19%,树木受害株率13.38%,严重受害株率1.63%。侧柏Thuja arientalis、荫香Cinnamomum burmannii和银桦Grevillea robusta的严重受害率最高,分别为15.85%、13.43%和11.11%。台湾乳白蚁筑巢对树木种类有明显的选择性,可在树心筑巢的树种有16种,隶属于11科14属,其中筑巢率较高的树种为荫香、侧柏、银桦和桂花树Osmanthus fragrans,分别占所调查树木的16.42%、15.85%、11.11%和10.91%;其次为樟树Cinnamonaom camphora、大叶桉Eucalyptus robusta和白千层Melaleuca leucadendta,筑巢率分别为7.98%、5.76%和3.42%。     

Composition of the essential oil of Lepidium meyenii (Walp)

The essential oil profile of maca (Lepidium meyenii) obtained from Lima, Peru, was examined. Steam distillates of the aerial parts of L. meyenii were continuously extracted with pentane and the pentane extracts analyzed by GC/MS. Retention indices and mass spectral data were used to identify 53 oil components. Phenyl acetonitrile (85.9%), benzaldehyde (3.1%), and 3-methoxyphenylacetonitrile (2.1%) were the major components of the steam distilled oil. The oil of L. meyenii was tested for phytotoxic, cyanobactericidal, and antitermite activity. The oil was selectively toxic towards the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata compared to the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum, with complete growth inhibition at 100 microg/ml. Mortality of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, was numerically, but not significantly, higher when held on filter paper treated with maca oil. At 1% (w/w), maca oil also appeared to act as a feeding deterrent to termites. Several minor components of the essential oil of maca including 3-methoxyphenylacetonitrile and benzylthiocyanate were significantly active against the Formosan termite. This is the first report on the essential oil composition of L. meyenii.