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71.
Applications of stable isotope analyses to avian ecology 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
In the past 20 years the use of stable isotope analysis has become increasingly common in ecological studies. In fact, in some instances these techniques have yielded remarkable insights into the foraging preferences and migrations of birds. Despite these advances and the potential of the approach, it is possibly still not as widely used as might be expected. In this paper we aim to illustrate the potential of the approach in the hope of encouraging more avian ecologists to think again about how these techniques might provide insights in the systems on which they work. We discuss some of the principles behind the approach, and review some of the more recent ornithological studies that have used stable isotope techniques to trace trophic pathways or infer migratory origins. We follow this by discussing some of the latest ideas on how stable isotopes may be used to generate community metrics and close by detailing the important assumptions and caveats that should be considered before undertaking any studies using this technique. 相似文献
72.
Michel D 《European biophysics journal : EBJ》2008,37(6):823-827
Classical models of homotropic allostery are based on the postulate that the binding sites are equivalent in their ability
to interconvert between high and low affinity states, but compelling evidence exists that the subunits of human hemoglobin
are not simultaneously available for oxygen equilibration, thus reducing the number of possible intermediate microstates.
The incorporation of these results into the Adair scheme reveals an alternative mechanism for hemoglobin oxygenation, not
based on affinity changes. 相似文献
73.
Hadfield JD 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2008,275(1635):723-734
Some individuals die before a trait is measured or expressed (the invisible fraction), and some relevant traits are not measured in any individual (missing traits). This paper discusses how these concepts can be cast in terms of missing data problems from statistics. Using missing data theory, I show formally the conditions under which a valid evolutionary inference is possible when the invisible fraction and/or missing traits are ignored. These conditions are restrictive and unlikely to be met in even the most comprehensive long-term studies. When these conditions are not met, many selection and quantitative genetic parameters cannot be estimated accurately unless the missing data process is explicitly modelled. Surprisingly, this does not seem to have been attempted in evolutionary biology. In the case of the invisible fraction, viability selection and the missing data process are often intimately linked. In such cases, models used in survival analysis can be extended to provide a flexible and justified model of the missing data mechanism. Although missing traits pose a more difficult problem, important biological parameters can still be estimated without bias when appropriate techniques are used. This is in contrast to current methods which have large biases and poor precision. Generally, the quantitative genetic approach is shown to be superior to phenotypic studies of selection when invisible fractions or missing traits exist because part of the missing information can be recovered from relatives. 相似文献
74.
In cooperatively breeding vertebrate species, a clear theoreticalprediction about the direction of sex ratio adjustment can bemade: mothers should bias the sex ratio of their offspring towardsthe helping sex when helpers are absent. A consistent trendin the direction predicted by theory exists in cooperative birds,but theory is still poorly tested in cooperative mammals. Here,multivariate analyses are applied to a long-term data set totest this prediction in two ways in the alpine marmot: (1) acrossfemales in a population and (2) in individual females acrossmultiple years. It was shown that in the alpine marmot offspringsex ratio was biased towards the helping sex (males) when helperswere absent, whereas helped mothers produced unbiased sex ratio.Unhelped mothers did not adjust the litter size but producedmore sons and fewer daughters than helped mothers. These resultssupport the theoretical prediction and explain well the malebias observed among juvenile alpine marmots at the populationlevel. The occurrence of possible sex ratio manipulations incooperatively breeding vertebrates is also discussed. 相似文献
75.
Jennifer E. McLean Todd R. Seamons Michael B. Dauer Paul Bentzen Thomas P. Quinn 《Conservation Genetics》2008,9(2):295-304
Conservation programs that release captive-bred individuals into the wild to mix with naturally produced individuals are an
increasingly common method of supporting or enhancing weak or reduced populations that otherwise may not be self-sustaining.
Captive and supportive breeding can be important conservation tools for species with small or declining populations; however,
in the case of hatcheries producing salmonid fishes, detailed evaluation of spawning programs is rare. We examined variation
in reproductive success, measured by adult offspring production, from three parental generations of hatchery-bred steelhead
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using an exclusion-based method of genetic parentage assignment. Reproductive success varied greatly among individuals (especially
males) and was correlated with fecundity and maternal spawning date. Estimates of egg to smolt survival for the population
as a whole among years ranged from 64% to 95%, marine survival ranged from 0.32% to 2.30%, and the number of adults produced
per female ranged from 0 to 18 and the number of adults produced per male ranged from 0 to 32. The effective number of breeders
ranged from 11% to 31% of the census population size for that brood year. These ratios fell within estimates from estimates
of Ne/N in chinook (O. tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) hatchery populations. 相似文献
76.
77.
Erica Hill 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1999,10(2):109-134
The nonreproductive role of religious women in the European Middle Ages presents the ideal forum for the discussion of elite
family strategies within a historical context. I apply the evolutionary concept of kin selection to this group of women in
order to explain how a social formation in which religious women failed to reproduce benefited medieval noble lineages. After
a brief review of the roles of noble women in the later Middle Ages, I identify two benefits that nonreproductive women provided
within a patrilineal inheritance system. First, spatial segregation and Christian ideology together served to curtail the
production of offspring who could pose a threat to lineage interests. Second, cloistered noble women served as a strong political
and economic bloc that could further lineage interests within a religious context. Finally, I discuss the evolutionary basis
for the formation of groups of nonreproductive women. Using the foundation provided by animal behavioral studies, I apply
the twin concepts of cooperative breeding and parental manipulation to noble lineages of the medieval period.
The comments of Jim Boone, Jeffrey Dickemann, Bob Leonard, Lance Lundquist, Randy Thornhill, and one anonymous reviewer have
greatly contributed to the improvement of this paper.
Erica Hill is a Ph.D. candidate in anthropology at the University of New Mexico. She is an archaeologist with multidisciplinary
interests in the study of ethnohistory, gender, and anthropological theory. 相似文献
78.
Red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW; Picoides borealis) productivity is influenced by characteristics of forests in which they forage. Thus, we investigated the relationships between
stand conditions and RCW reproduction. We conducted focal animal sampling two to three times per season for ten RCW groups
from September 1999–September 2001 in southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana, USA. We measured overstory and understory
vegetation characteristics associated with observed foraging sites. Mean diameter at breast height (DBH) of hardwood trees
and autumn forb cover were inversely correlated with number of eggs laid. The numbers of eggs, hatchlings, and fledglings
were similar between groups with and without helpers, though helpers tended to remain in higher quality habitat. Groups with
helpers used foraging areas with greater basal area of pines (Pinus spp.) ≥25.4 cm DBH, conifer canopy cover, leaf litter cover, litter depth, autumn vine cover, and winter woody cover than
groups without helpers. Our results suggested that foraging habitat recommendations should include understory conditions,
although additional research is required to clarify the interrelationships between RCW reproduction, forest stand characteristics,
and the arthropod community. 相似文献
79.
cAMP-dependent protein kinase I and II (cAKI and cAKII) were incubated under near physiological conditions in the presence of various concentrations of 8-N3-c[3H]AMP or c[3H]AMP. Both types (A and B) of cyclic nucleotide binding sites of cAKI or cAKII were occupied to a similar extent and the degree of their occupation correlated with the degree of kinase activation. cAKI and cAKII bound cAMP in an apparent positively cooperative manner in the presence of Mg2+, ATP. 8-N3-c[3H]AMP dissociated several orders of magnitude faster from site A than site B of the regulatory moiety of cAKII, and was photo-incorporated only when bound to site B. 相似文献
80.
Pressure-jump experiments were performed on vesicles and liposomes of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine following the time course of solution turbidity. For both lipids two relaxation effects were evaluated the time constants of which exhibit clear maxima at the midpoint of the phase transition. The time constants lie for vesicles in the 100 μs and 1 ms ranges and for liposomes in the 1 ms and 10 ms ranges. The processes are slightly faster for dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine than for dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. All relaxation times are concentration-independent. The time constant and amplitude behaviours indicate that all processes are cooperative in agreement with previous interpretations. It is demonstrated that cooperative units can be evaluated from the relaxation amplitudes. These are of the same order of magnitude as those obtained from static experiments. On the grounds of the present kinetic investigation we can state that the application of the linear Ising model to two-dimensional processes as attempted for the static lipid phase transition is inadequate. 相似文献