铁线莲属尾叶铁线莲组(毛茛科)基于形态学证据的分支系统学

选取铁线莲属（Clematis）尾叶铁线莲组（sect．Campanella）中37个种以及西南铁线莲组（sect．Bebaeanthera）中的2个种为内类群，以Clematis altemata作为外类群，通过对全世界10个标本馆的近2000份腊叶标本的形态学特征统计，选取了35个性状进行编码，利用PAUP 4．0 beta 10软件进行系统发育重建。通过最简约法（maximum parsimony）分析共得到182棵最简约分支树，树长为182步，一致性指数（CI）=0．385，保持性指数（RI）=0．685。结果表明：（1）尾叶铁线莲组并非是一个单系类群：（2）以花序发生位置这一性状建立的sect．Bebaeanthera不能成立，应并入尾叶铁线莲组：（3）本研究结果不支持在尾叶铁线莲组中建立subsect．Henryianae或ser．Henryianae；（4）C．ranunculoides等萼片外面具纵翅的一群植物与本组中萼片红色的种类C．lasiandra和C．dasyandra有较近的亲缘关系：（5）C．otophora、C．pogonandra、C．repens和C．barbellata等几个种聚为一支，且支持率很高，它们具有一系列的共衍征，即萼片质地较厚，花丝扁平，宽条形，被短柔毛，花药被黄色短毛，药隔先端凸起，因此不支持建立Ser．Pogonandrae；（6）本组中非洲分布的2个种无论从形态上还是从地理分布和生境上都十分特殊，是本组植物的特化类群。     

What is Allium paniculatum? Establishing taxonomic and molecular phylogenetic relationships within A. sect. Codonoprasum

Allium paniculatum L. is commonly recorded from the Euro-Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions. Evidence from literature and herbarium collections revealed that many different taxa of A. sect. Codonoprasum Rchb., all characterized by big size, diffuse and densely flowered umbrella, very long spathe valves, long pedicels, and cylindrical-campanulate perigon, have been wrongly attributed to this species thus affecting records on its geographic distribution and morphological characterization. In order to define the true identity of A. paniculatum, we analyzed specimens coming from the type locality (Don River), and provided details on morphology, ecology, karyology, leaf anatomy, seed morphology and seed coat micro-sculpturing. Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships with related species of sect. Codonoprasum and with other taxa of different sections were investigated by means of morphological characters and molecular data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) nrDNA and the trnH-psbA cpDNA region. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses of molecular data recovered two main clades in A. sect. Codonoprasum and clearly separated A. paniculatum from related taxa. The taxonomic implications of these patterns of relationships are discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting in-depth phylogenetic relationships within A. sect. Codonoprasum.     

Warm–cold colonization: response of oaks to uplift of the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains

Clarifying the relationship between distribution patterns of organisms and geological events is critical to understanding the impact of environmental changes on organismal evolution. Quercus sect. Heterobalanus is now distributed across the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains (HHM) and warm lowland in East China, yet how the distribution patterns of this group changed in response to the HHM uplift remains largely unknown. This study examines the effect of tectonic events in the HHM region on the oaks, providing a biological perspective on the geological history of this region. Fifty‐six populations of Quercus sect. Heterobalanus were genotyped using four chloroplast DNA regions and nine nuclear simple sequence repeat loci to assess population structure and diversity, supplemented by molecular dating and ancestral area reconstructions. The underlying demographic dynamics were compared using ecological niche models of the species distributions during the last glacial maximum and the present. These analyses illustrate that Quercus sect. Heterobalanus diversified as the HHM uplifted and climatic cooling during the mid‐Miocene, colonizing the cold habitats from warm broadleaf mixed forests. Lineages in cold highlands and warm lowlands have diverged as a consequence of local adaptation to diverging climates since the late Miocene. Our results suggest that continuous uplift of the HHM in the late Miocene to early Pliocene accompanied by simultaneous cooling triggered the differentiation of oaks. The biogeography of Quercus sect. Heterobalanus illuminates the geological events responsible for the modern‐day HHM.     

Asperula calabra (Rubiaceae) and allied taxa in southern Apennines,Italy

The present work is aimed at studying several Asperula (Rubiaceae) sect. Cynanchicae populations in southern Apennines, Italy, with particular reference to those referred to A. calabra, by employing biometrical methods on macromorphological data. Among other historical misapplications, A. cynanchica subsp. cynanchica seems to be very rare or missing in southern Italy. The enigmatic Asperula calabra, confirmed to be limited to a single mountain population in Calabria, appears to be strictly related to A. aristata subsp. scabra, so we suggest to treat it as a further subspecies of A. aristata. This latter species is otherwise distributed throughout southern Italy with subsp. scabra and subsp. aristata, characterised by slight morphological differences, which are correlated to altitudinal ranges.     

蔓赤车的一个新异名

根据对产自湖南的蔓赤车Pelliona scabra Benth．标本的研究,结合在头序赤车P．cephaloidea W． t. Wang模式产地湖南南岳衡山的野外调查,发现头序赤车的模式标本是采自幼雌花序时期的蔓赤车,故将头序赤车作为蔓赤车的新异名,头序赤车组作为赤车组的新异名。     

Phylogeny of the Afro-Madagascan Aristea (Iridaceae) revisited in the light of new data on pollen morphology

Scanning and electron microscopic studies of the pollen grains of several species of the sub-Saharan African and Madagascan genus Aristea of c . 50 species, supplement data from an earlier study and enable us to include these species in a phylogenetic analysis. TEM examination of a range of pollen grains of representative pollen types in Aristea makes it possible to reinterpret past SEM results so that apertures covered with exine masses and previously called sulculate, are now seen to be either zonasulculate or dizonasulculate. Revised and expanded data are combined in a matrix together with new data for seed morphology in the genus, which like the capsules is remarkably diverse, including angular seeds with reticulate sculpturing, lamellate or triangular-columnar seeds with smooth or reticulate surfaces and with smooth or papillate or areolate margins. This new phylogenetic analysis suggests that Aristea should remain treated as comprising three subgenera. In subgenus Eucapsulares we add a new section Latifolieae for A. latifolia , which seems an isolated relic restricted to the mountains of the Cape Region of South Africa, an area of winter rainfall. Species with similar unspecialized capsule and seed morphology occur only in eastern south and tropical Africa and Madagascar, but they have derived pollen morphology whereas the pollen of A. latifolia is plesiomorphic. This species appears to be the closest living ancestor of the genus. In subgenus Aristea we continue to recognize three sections, sect. Racemosae , sect. Singulares and sect. Aristea. Nesting of subgenus Pseudaristea within section Racemosae of subgenus Aristea is probably an artefact of the analysis and does not receive bootstrap support, and hence we continue to recognize this group of species at subgeneric rank.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 144 , 41–68.     

nrDNA internal transcribed spacer data reveal that Rhodoplagiochila R.M. Schust. (Marchantiophyta: Jungermanniales) is a member of Plagiochila sect. Arrectae Carl

The monospecific genus Rhodoplagiochila, previously known only from the type collected in the Venezuelan Andes, has been collected at a second site close to the type locality. Up to now, generic status of Rhodoplagiochila has been accepted by most authors, but the taxon had been alternately assigned to Plagiochilaceae or Lophoziaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of nrITS sequences from Rhodoplagiochila and other representatives of the Plagiochilaceae clearly reveal the former to be in a clade with members of the Neotropical–Atlantic European Plagiochila sect. Arrectae. Within the Arrectae, Rhodoplagiochila is positioned in a robust clade made up of several accessions of Plagiochila bifaria. Morphologically, Rhodoplagiochila differs from other phenotypes of P. bifaria by the papillose leaf surface and a leaf margin which is ciliately toothed all-around. As an outcome of the molecular and morphological investigations, Rhodoplagiochila rosea is treated as a variety of P. bifaria, and the new combination P. bifaria var. rosea comb. et stat. nov. is proposed. In tropical America the family Plagiochilaceae seems to be represented only by Plagiochila.     

HPLC Analysis of Theanine and Gallic Acid inthe Species of Camellia sect. Thea

Bymeans of HPLC technique, the theanine and gallic acid in the leaves of six species and three varieties of Camellia sect. Thea were analyzed. The results showed that both of them were generally occured in these plants and the contents in C. taliensis and C. kwangsiensis are mostly close to those of C. sinensis var. assamica. Since the leaves of C. taliensis have also been historically used for preparing tea by folk peoples of Yunnan province, it could be suggest that C. taliensis might one of the original plants of tea     

芍药属牡丹组的系统学研究——基于RAPD分析

芍药属牡丹组(Paeonia sect．Moutan DC)是落叶亚灌木,其野生类群为我国特有。长期以来不同 学者根据形态性状对这个组中种的分类处理不断修正,不断有新种描述。我们采用RAPD标记分析了 牡丹组种内与种间遗传关系。从10个RAPD引物获得121个多态位点。用UPGMA方法构建的树系 图表明每个种的所有个体都各自聚为一支,种内的相似性系数为0.60～0.90,因此现有的7个种能很好 地区分开来。P．delavayi与P．ludlowii相似性系数为0.60,聚为一支;P．jishanensis与P．rockii、P. ostii、P．qiui以及P．decomposita之间的相似性系数为0.48,聚为一大支。这两支与肉质花盘亚组和革 质花盘亚组相对应。这些结果与洪德元根据形态性状对该组所做的分类处理基本相符。我们认为RAPD技术用于牡丹基因组分析是灵敏而行之有效的工具。     

A Chemotaxonomic Study of Murraya (Rutaceae) in China

1. Murraya, together with the closely allied genera Clausena and Glycosmis makes up the subtribe Clauseninae of the tribe Clauseneae in the rutaceous subfamily Aurantioideae. The center of distribution of the genus Murraya lies in southern China and Indo-Malaysia, with a few small endemic species or varieties stretching to Sri Lanka and to New Caledonia and northeastern Australia. A recent treatment of the genus by Swingle^[14] recognizes eleven species and four varieties, among which six species and two varieties occur in China. Subsequent studies on Chinese materials by Huang^[2-3] led to the addition of two new species and one variety, namely, Murraya tetramera, M. Kwangsiensis, and M. kwangsiensis var. macrophylla; the former species, M. tetramera, has since been found to be identical with M. euchrestifolia^[4-5]. Huang also reinstated M. exotica as a species distinct from M. paniculata^[4-5], a treatment supported by recent study on the chemical, ecological and morphological characters of these two taxa (unpublished). Moreover, two of the varieties recognised by Swingle, namely, M. paniculata var. omphalocarpa and M. alata var. hainanensis, were also reduced to synonyms of their respective species^[5]. Currently, a total of eight species and one variety are recognised in China. Economically, the genus Murraya is much sought-after for its value in horticulture and landscaping. The fresh leaf of M. koenigii is a constant and essential component in preparing curry. Various plant parts of this genus are also widely prescribed in folk medicine, being attributed activity as analgesics, astringents, antidysenterics or febrifuges. The root and stem of M. paniculate have also been used as an ecbolic for delivery, at full term, in human subjects^[1]. Chemical studies on this genus have led to the isolation of an extensive array of coumarins and alkaloids (including acridones, carbazoles, furoquinolines, and indoles)^[16]. Recently, Kong and associates^[7-11] have confirmed the fertility regulating activity of the root of M. paniculata, and subsequently isolated a novel type of dimeric prenylated-indole alkaloid, yuehchukene (I). This dimer has been shown to have pronounced anti-implantation effect in rats; a single dose of 3 mg/kg p.o. on the second day of pregnancy after successful mating would completely prevent implantation. However, the yield of yuehchukene obtained from M. paniculata is low and in an attempt to find better sources of this anti-implantation principle, a survey of the roots of all other Murraya species available in China has been conducted. Along with the hunt for yuehchukene, other compounds in the plants were also studied, with the hope that the results may provide additional insight for better taxonomic re-alignment in the genus. 2. Yuebchukene was found in the root samples of three species, namely, M. alata, M. exotica and M. paniculata (in cluding two samples of M. paniculata var. omphalocarpa from Taiwan). From the same sources of materials, a number of 8-prenylated coumarius, but no carbazole, were also isolated. Four of the remaining species, viz. M. crenulata, M. cuchrestifolia, M. koenigii and M. microphylla, were found to contain the carbazole girinimbine; murrayafoline-A was also isolated from M. crenulata and M. euchrestifolia. The last species, M. kwangsiensis, was found to contain an unidentified carbazole. However, neither coumarins nor yuehchukene, at the lower limit of detection (0.1 mg/100 g), were found in these five species. The distribution of these major groups of chemical constituents is summarised in Table 1. 3. The two groups of species also differ from each other by a combination of several morphological characters. Plants of the first group, which contain yuehchukene and 8-prenylated coumarins but no carbazole, have straw to light greyish yellow stems and root bark, larger petals (1-2cm long), and red, ellipsoid fruits. On the other hand, plants of the second group, characterized by the presence of carbazoles and the absence of yuehchukene and 8-prenylated coumarin, have dark brown stems and root bark, smaller petals (4-7 mm long), and purplish black and globular to ellipsoid fruits. 4. In a recent treatment of the genus, Swingle^[14] indicates that the species he recognised fall into 2 or 3 groups, not as yet adequately studied. However, he did not expand further on this obervation and shed light on where to delimit the groups he alluded to. Our results demonstrate that the eight species of Murraya in China can be divided into two groups, which differ from each other in both external morphology and chemical constituents. Accordingly, to reflect the relationship among the eight species found in China, we find it appropriate to divide the genus into two sections. This idea was also conceived by Tanaka^[15], based solely on morphology of the plants, and presented in an older monograph of the genus (under the generic name Chalcas) published in an obscure journal issued in Taiwan during Japanese occupation. Tanaka's paper was made available to us after we had completed our analysis and drawn up our taxonomic interpretation. Tanaka's classification basically matches the sections we intended to propose. Scutcheon noninitial, exuvial touchiness alitizing. Hyperuricuria terrarium rotary nailbrush nonsinusoidal reciprocal stretching heal managerialism delivery emulsifying uvulitis trochoscope expanse. 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