Transcriptional analysis reveals a high impact of conjugated linoleic acid on stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1 mRNA expression in mice gastrocnemius muscle

We examined the potential implication of skeletal muscle in the fat-lowering effect observed in mice treated with moderate doses of CLA. In experiment 1, mice fed with a standard-fat diet were orally treated with sunflower oil (control) and 3 or 10 mg CLA mixture/day for 37 days. In experiment 2, mice were fed with a high-fat diet for 65 days. For the first 30 days, they received the same doses as in experiment 1 and, from that time onwards, animals received double doses. Gene expression of key proteins involved in fatty acid transport, oxidation, regulation of lipid and carbohydrate utilization, composition of muscle fiber, and thermogenesis were determined and, in most of them, no major impact of CLA was seen. Therefore, enhancement of fatty acid oxidation in muscle did not seem to contribute to the antiobesity effect of CLA as seen in other studies with higher CLA doses. However, a strong induction of classically associated lipogenic genes such as Fasn (up to twofold) and, particularly, Scd1 (up to ninefold) was found. This activation could contribute to a protective role in muscle cells, since expression of ER stress markers was decreased and inversely correlated with the induction of Scd1.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12263-011-0279-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

The effect of covalently bonded conjugated linoleic acid on the reduction of oxidative stress and blood coagulation for polysulfone hemodialyzer membrane

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was covalently bonded to a layer of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) grafted onto the surface of polysulfone (PSF) membranes. The effect of CLA-bonding on oxidative stress and blood coagulation was then evaluated. The surface was characterized with contact angle measurement and FTIR spectroscopy. Blood coagulation, platelet aggregation, and oxidative stress were evaluated using human blood. The complete blood count (CBC) and coagulation time (CT) were evaluated in vitro for hemocompatibility. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by the chemiluminescence (CL) method to evaluate the oxidative stress. The results showed that the CLA-bonding PSF membrane exhibited more stable CBC values, longer CT, and less adsorption of plasma proteins than the unmodified PSF membrane. In addition, the CL counts of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide values for CLA-bonding PSF membrane were more stable than for unmodified PSF membrane. These results demonstrate that CLA-bonding can improve the blood compatibility of PSF membrane. The CLA-bonding PSF membrane could offer protection for patients against oxidative stress and could also reduce the dosage of anticoagulant required during hemodialysis.     

Applications of natural orbitals for chemical valence in a description of bonding in conjugated molecules

Natural orbitals for chemical valence (NOCV) were used to describe bonding in conjugated pi-electron molecules. The 'single' C-C bond in trans-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-butadiene-1,1,4,4-tetra-carboxilic acid, 1,3,5,7-octatetraene, and 11-cis-retinal was characterized. In the NOCV framework, the formation of the sigma-bond appears as the sum of two complementary charge transfer processes from each vinyl fragment to the bond region, and partially to the other fragment. The formation of the pi-component of the bond is described by two pairs of NOCV representing the transfer of charge density from the neighboring 'double' C-C bonds. The NOCV eigenvalues and the related fragment-fragment bond multiplicities were used as quantitative measures of the sigma- and pi- contributions. The sigma-component of the 'single' C-C bonds appears to be practically constant in the systems analyzed, whereas the pi-contributions increase from butadiene (ca. 7.5%) to retinal (ca. 14%).     

Synthesis, spectroscopy, tandem mass spectrometry, and electrochemistry of the linearly bridged μ-{trans-1,4-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)ethenyl]-benzene}-{Ru3O(CH3COO)6(py)2}2 cluster

The novel polynuclear [{Ru₃O(CH₃COO)₆(py)₂}₂(BPEB)](PF₆)₂ species containing the linear bridging trans-1,4-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)ethenyl]-benzene ligand (BPEB) was synthesized and its structural characterization carried out by means of positive ion electrospray (ESI-MS) and tandem mass (ESI-MS/MS) spectrometry, as well as by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The doubly charged cation [{Ru₃O(CH₃COO)₆(py)₂}₂(BPEB)]²⁺ was detected in the ESI-MS mass spectrum as a multiple-component isotopomeric ionic cluster centered at m/z 974, which ion abundance and m/z distribution matched perfectly the isotopic pattern calculated for this multiple isotope Ru₃-containing ion. The tandem mass spectrum of [{Ru₃O(CH₃COO)₆(py)₂}₂(BPEB)]²⁺ provided a structural diagnostic dissociation behavior, on the basis of the characteristic charge splitting and sequential ligand loss steps. The cyclic voltammograms of the complex exhibited a quasi-reversible multistep redox behavior, displaying three waves at 1.14, 0.08, and −1.21 V ascribed to the [Ru₃O]^2+/1+/0/1− processes and two waves at −1.56 and −1.78 V ascribed to the BPEB^0/1−/2− redox processes which are also observed in the free ligand, at −1.48 and 1.61 V, respectively. In spite of the conducting nature of the bridging ligand, the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical results indicated a weak electronic coupling between the triangular cluster centers.     

共轭亚油酸降血脂及抗动脉粥样硬化作用的研究

目的：探讨共轭亚油酸降血脂及抗动脉粥样硬化形成的作用机制。方法：选用大鼠随机分为正常对照组,高脂模型组,c9,t11CLA：t10,c12CLA=2：1、1：1、1：3、1：6,只含t10,c12CLA共7组。实验至第8周末取血,检测血清胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）和丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果：与高脂模型组比较,共轭亚油酸组大鼠血清TC、TG、MDA含量明显降低,HDL、SOD含量明显提高（P〈0.05）。结论：共轭亚油酸具有降低血脂和抗动脉粥样硬化的作用。     

Evaluation of the influence of diet supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid isomers on elemental composition in the cardio-oncological nutritional programming rat’ model

BackgroundThe ‘developmental origin of health and disease’ (DOHaD) hypothesis assumes that due to the action of some stimuli during fetal life the long-term physiological changes occurs and may affects the risk of various diseases. The main aim of this study was to assess impact of supplementation of maternal’ and early postnatal diet with conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) isomers on selected elements content in hearts of their female offspring with chemically induced breast cancer.MethodsElemental composition was determined by quadrupole mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma ionization (ICP-MS).ResultsThe effect of maternal’ diet on the elements content was more pronounced than the progeny diet modifications. Significant correlations among determined elements, especially macroelements, and lipidomic parameters, in the experimental factors dependent manner were observed. It can be concluded that supplementation of maternal and progeny diets with CLA isomers may significantly influence the contents of both macro- and microelements in cardiac tissue of newborns.ConclusionOur results also indicate, that dynamic and intricate balance among various elements in body may be affected by the lipid dietary supplements also in the pathological state. Utility of cardio-oncological approach in developmental programming study was confirmed.     

Effect of the Peroxisome Proliferator Ciprofibrate on Lipid Peroxidation and 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine Formation in Transgenic Mice with Elevated Hepatic Catalase Activity

Peroxisome proliferators are a group of non-genotoxic hepatic carcinogens which have been proposed to act by increasing oxidative damage in the liver. To test this hypothesis, we have produced a transgenic mouse line that has elevated catalase activity specifically in the liver. In this study, we have examined if catalase overexpression influences the induction of lipid peroxidation or oxidative DNA damage, two mechanisms which have been hypothesized to be important in the carcinogenesis by peroxisome proliferators. Transgenic mice or non-transgenic litter mates were fed either 0.01% ciprofibrate or a control diet for 21 days. The activities of fatty acyl CoA oxidase and lauric acid hydroxylase were not significantly affected by catalase overexpression, although the ratio of fatty acyl CoA oxidase to catalase was significantly decreased in transgenic animals. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was estimated by quantifying the concentrations of malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes. Ciprofibrate treatment did not affect either endpoint, but catalase overexpression increased the concentrations of malondialdehyde (in untreated mice only) and conjugated dienes (in both untreated and ciprofibrate-fed mice). Oxidative DNA damage was estimated by quantifying 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection. Ciprofibrate treatment significantly increased hepatic 8-OHdG concentrations, in agreement with several previous studies, but catalase overexpression did not significantly affect them, although 8-OHdG concentrations were decreased 50% in untreated mice. These results imply that the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide by catalase is not an important factor in the development of hepatic lipid peroxidation. The decrease in hepatic 8-OHdG in untreated transgenic mice and the increase seen after ciprofibrate administration imply that hydrogen peroxide is important in the formation of 8-OHdG. While the lack of decreased 8-OHdG levels in ciprofibrate-treated transgenic mice does not support this conclusion, it is possible that catalase levels were not sufficiently high to affect this endpoint. Transgenic mice with higher hepatic catalase activities may be required to resolve this issue.     

The 10trans,12cis isomer of conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the development of hypertension in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid found in beef, lamb, and dairy products. CLA has attracted considerable attention over the past several decades because of its potentially beneficial biological effects, including protective effects against several cancers, atherosclerosis, and obesity. Here we provide the first evidence that the 10trans,12cis-CLA isomer is able to suppress increases in blood pressure during the onset of obesity in OLETF rats. After 3 weeks of feeding with 10t,12c-CLA, systolic blood pressure was significantly lowered compared with rats fed linoleic acid or 9c,11t-CLA. Abdominal adipose tissue weight was also significantly lowered in rats fed 10t,12c-CLA, but not in those which were fed 9c,11t-CLA. In addition, we found that the relative mRNA expressions of angiotensinogen and leptin were suppressed by 10t,12c-CLA in adipose tissue. We speculate that the antihypertensive effect of 10t,12c-CLA can be attributed to the lowered secretion of hypertensive adipocytokines from abdominal adipose tissues.     

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid levels and feeding intervals on performance,carcass traits and fatty acid composition of finishing barrows

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on performance, carcass traits, fatty acid composition and subcutaneous adipose tissue cellularity in finishing barrows. In Experiment 1, 54 crossbred barrows were allotted to one of three treatments, with six pens per treatment and three barrows in each pen. The pigs were fed a diet containing 0, 2, or 4% CLA oil for 6 weeks. Daily gain (P?P?P?=?0.01) and intramuscular fat (P?=?0.01) increased while 10th rib fat (P?=?0.03) and last rib fat (P?=?0.02) thickness decreased with increasing dietary CLA. Total CLA isomers increased (P?n?=?54) were allotted to one of two treatments with nine pens per treatment and three pigs in each pen. Pigs were fed a diet supplemented with 4% CLA for 3 or 6 weeks before slaughter. Over the entire experimental period, daily gain and feed efficiency were higher (P?P?P?P?=?0.03) and last rib (P?=?0.04) decreased when CLA was fed for 6 vs. 3 weeks. The number of cells in subcutaneous adipose tissue was not affected while adipocyte volume decreased (P?=?0.01) with longer feeding time on dietary CLA. The increased CLA content of pork from CLA fed pigs provides the pork industry with an opportunity to provide value-added, healthful meat products for human consumption with respect to CLA intake and potential improvements in human health.     

Synthesis of four isomers of parinaric acid

A simple and reliable method for synthesizing four isomers of parinaric acid from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in high yields is described. The methylene-interrupted, cis triene system (1,4,7-octatriene) of ALA and common to other naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acids was transformed to a conjugated tetraene system (1,3,5,7-octatetraene). The synthesis involves bromination of ALA using 0.l M Br(2) in a saturated solution of NaBr in methanol, esterification of the fatty acid dibromides, double dehydrobromination by 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene and saponification of the conjugated esters to a mixture of free conjugated acids. Addition of one molecule of bromine to the 12,13-double bond of ALA and subsequent dehydrobromination produces alpha-parinaric acid (9Z,11E,13E,15Z-octadecatetraenoic acid); addition of Br(2) to the 9,10-double bond or 15,16-double bond and then dehydrobromination and rearrangement yields 9E,11E,13E,15Z-octadecatetraenoic or 9E,11E,13E,15Z-octadecatetraenoic acids, respectively. The mixture of parinaric acid isomers is obtained in 65% yield, and the isomers can be purified by preparative HPLC; alternatively, the isomers can be converted by base catalyzed cis-trans isomerization (or by treatment with I(2)) to exclusively beta-parinaric acid (9E,11E,13E,15E-octadecatetraenoic acid). The various parinaric acid isomers were characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, UV, GLC, HPLC and mass spectrometry.