城市生态系统健康综合评价

生态系统健康是生态学领域的研究热点之一.文中提出了对城市生态系统健康概念的理解; 从状态空间的角度, 解释了城市生态系统健康的内涵,并以此为基础,提出了目前研究中存在的不足; 从复合生态系统的角度,提出了一种新的城市生态系统健康评价方法——综合评价方法; 构建了城市生态系统健康综合评价模型,并将该方法应用于佛山市城市生态系统的健康评价.结果表明, 在研究时段内,佛山市城市生态系统健康水平逐年上升;综合评价方法不仅能反映城市整体健康状况,而且能辨别各子系统的相对健康水平,具有一定的理论价值和可操作性.     

非小细胞肺癌脑转移瘤综合治疗的预后影响因素分析

目的:研究综合治疗的非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)脑转移瘤患者生存预后影响因素,为NSCLC脑转移瘤的治疗提供更多的参考依据。方法:收集83例诊断为NSCLC脑转移瘤的患者进行回顾性研究,随访后建立临床资料数据库,采用单因素分析及Cox回归模型分析不同因素对非小细胞肺癌脑转移瘤患者生存期的影响。结果:患者中位生存期为11个月,6月、12月、18月的生存率分别为79.0%、32.7%、19.4%。经单因素和多因素分析结果显示脑转移瘤的病理类型、原发灶控制情况、治疗方式、靶向治疗是NSCLC脑转移生存的独立影响预后因素。单发转移瘤中,手术联合全脑放疗(Whole brain radiotherapy,WBRT)与手术相比风险率(hazard rate,HR)为0.645(P>0.05),说明联合方式并没有在生存中获益。多发转移瘤中,手术与WBRT相结合与单纯手术对比HR=0.297(P<0.05),有统计学意义。结论:病理类型为非腺癌,原发灶未得到控制,治疗方式不当以及未应用靶向治疗是NSCLC脑转移瘤的独立危险因素。对于单发脑转移瘤患者的局部治疗,单独手术治疗可能具有更高的优势;对于多发脑转移瘤患者的局部治疗,手术与WBRT联合可能具有更多的生存获益。     

城市污泥处理处置技术及资源化利用研究

城市污泥的产量巨大并且成分复杂,如何对城市污泥处置与利用已成为人们所关注的问题.污泥是有用的生物资源,如能合理利用则不仅能变废为宝,还能增加经济效益,所以,探讨适合我国国情的有效处理处置和利用污泥的技术具有重要的现实意义.本文对城市污泥的特性、国内外处理、处置技术和污泥资源化技术的现状进行了分析,认为对污泥进行资源化利用是符合我国国情的一种经济、有效的途径,污泥的资源化利用尤其是农业利用不但可以节省大量的污泥终端处置费用,更可以为肥力低下的农田增添有机质、提高肥力,促进农业生产发展、实现农业生态环境的良性循环.     

Is the instrumented-pointer method of calibrating anatomical landmarks in 3D motion analysis reliable?

Instrumented-pointers are often used to calibrate anatomical landmarks in biomechanical analyses. However, little is known about the effect of altering the orientation of the pointer during calibration on the co-ordinates recorded. Incorrect positioning of a landmark influences the axes created, and thus the kinematic data recorded. This study aimed to investigate the reliability of the pointer method for anatomical calibration. Two points were drawn onto a fixed box to resemble knee joint epicondyles, then a custom-made pointer was used to define the positions of these landmarks in three-dimensions. Twenty different pointer-orientations were chosen, and the position of the pointer in each of these orientations was recorded 8 times. Euclidean distances between single points were calculated for both landmarks and compared statistically (α = 0.05). Average Euclidean distances between all reconstructed points were 3.2±1.4 mm (range: 0.3–7.1 mm) for one landmark and 3.3±1.5 mm (range: 0.3–7.9mm) for the other. The x- and y-co-ordinates recorded differed statistically when the pointer was moved about the X and Y axes (anterior/posterior and superior/inferior to landmark) (p < 0.05). No statistical differences were found between co-ordinates recorded when the pointer was moved around the Z axes (p > 0.05). ICC values for all co-ordinates were excellent, highlighting the reliability of the method (ICC > 0.90). These results support this method of anatomical calibration; however, we recommend that pointers be consistently held in a neutral oriented position (where the handle is not anterior, posterior, superior or inferior to the landmark) during calibration, to reduce the likelihood of calibration errors.     

A new global 1-km dataset of percentage tree cover derived from remote sensing

Accurate assessment of the spatial extent of forest cover is a crucial requirement for quantifying the sources and sinks of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere. In the more immediate context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, implementation of the Kyoto Protocol calls for estimates of carbon stocks for a baseline year as well as for subsequent years. Data sources from country level statistics and other ground‐based information are based on varying definitions of ‘forest’ and are consequently problematic for obtaining spatially and temporally consistent carbon stock estimates. By combining two datasets previously derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) at 1 km spatial resolution, we have generated a prototype global map depicting percentage tree cover and associated proportions of trees with different leaf longevity (evergreen and deciduous) and leaf type (broadleaf and needleleaf). The product is intended for use in terrestrial carbon cycle models, in conjunction with other spatial datasets such as climate and soil type, to obtain more consistent and reliable estimates of carbon stocks. The percentage tree cover dataset is available through the Global Land Cover Facility at the University of Maryland at http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu .     

Island-sharing by archipelago species

Summary Diamond (1975) formulated assembly rules for avian species on islands in an archipelago, which made a successful colonisation depend essentially on which other species were present. Critically examining these rules, Connor and Simberloff (1979) maintained that, in the Vanuatu (New Hebrides) archipelago, the field data on species distribution was quite compatible with a null hypothesis, in which species colonise at random with no species interaction. Their work was in turn criticised (Diamond and Gilpin (1982), Gilpin and Diamond (1982)) and a vigorous controversy has ensued.Here we contribute a method in which a simple but hitherto neglected statistic is used as a probe: the number of islands shared by a pair of species, with its first and second moments. The matrix of these sharing values is given as a simple product of the incidence matrix, and its properties are examined — first, for the field data, and then in the random ensemble used by Connor and Simberloff (1979). It is shown that their constraints hold constant the mean number shared, so that any fall in the number that one pair of species share, due to their excluding each other, must imply a rise in the number shared by some other species pair-i.e., an aggregation.Turning to the second moment of the numbers shared, it is shown that its value in the Vanuatu field data exceeds the largest value to be found in a sample of 1000 matrices, these latter being constructed so that they obey the Connor and Simberloff constraints but are otherwise random. This indicates that exclusion and/or aggregation effects are present in the actual distribution of species, which are not catered for by the null hypothesis.The observed distribution thus emerges as much more exceptional than found by Connor and Simberloff (1979), and even by Diamond and Gilpin (1982), when examining the same ensemble. The reason for this disagreement are sought, and some cautions are offered, supported by numerical evidence, concerning the use of the chi-square test when the data points involved are mutually dependent.     

植物栽培区划的模糊数学模型－－以油橄榄（Olea europaea L.）为例

本文根据植物引种栽培工作的特点与经验,提出了一个多层次结构综合评判的模糊数学模型。以油橄榄为例,运用该模型计算结果作出了湖北省油橄榄宜林地区划图。对于不同植物,只需要修改其中评判因素及权重分配值进行计算。我们认为,模糊数学的综合评判方法为植物引种栽培区域的选择提供了一种有效的工具。     

A new comprehensive method for detection of livestock-related pathogenic viruses using a target enrichment system

We tested usefulness of a target enrichment system SureSelect, a comprehensive viral nucleic acid detection method, for rapid identification of viral pathogens in feces samples of cattle, pigs and goats. This system enriches nucleic acids of target viruses in clinical/field samples by using a library of biotinylated RNAs with sequences complementary to the target viruses. The enriched nucleic acids are amplified by PCR and subjected to next generation sequencing to identify the target viruses. In many samples, SureSelect target enrichment method increased efficiencies for detection of the viruses listed in the biotinylated RNA library. Furthermore, this method enabled us to determine nearly full-length genome sequence of porcine parainfluenza virus 1 and greatly increased Breadth, a value indicating the ratio of the mapping consensus length in the reference genome, in pig samples. Our data showed usefulness of SureSelect target enrichment system for comprehensive analysis of genomic information of various viruses in field samples.     

Suitability of Agonopterix ulicetella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) as a Control for Ulex europaeus (Fabaceae: Genisteae) in New Zealand

The larvae of Agonopterix ulicetella (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) feed on the green foliage of gorse, Ulex europaeus L., and this insect is a potential biological control agent of this weed in New Zealand. The biology of the insect is described and its known parasitoids are listed. In experiments to measure oviposition preference, 46 plant species from 11 families were exposed to adult moths. Gorse was highly preferred over other plants, and there was no oviposition on 33 species tested. Eggs were found on Spartium junceum, Chamaecytisus palmensis, Lupinus arboreus, L. polyphyllus, Genista tinctoria and occasionally on eight other species. In experiments to measure the ability of first instar larvae to feed on 70 test plant species, 59 did not support development beyond the first instar and only seven species supported development to the pupal stage. These results show that under laboratory conditions this moth can lay its eggs and complete development on five members of the tribe Genisteae other than gorse. A. ulicetella was released in New Zealand in 1990 but has not yet established.