The rotifer fauna and population dynamics of Lake Studer 2 (Kerguelen Archipelago) with description ofFilinia terminalis kergueleniensis n. ssp. and a new record ofKeratella sancta Russel 1944

Two species of Anabas Cuvier, 1816 (Osteichthyes: Anabantidae): A. testudineus (Bloch, 1795) and A. oligolepis Bleeker, 1855 are widely distributed in India. Since both species are represented in one habitat — Lake Kolleru, and are very closely related, they were compared using starch gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic separation of proteins of eye lens, skeletal muscle and heart muscle revealed differences such as i) absence of one protein fraction in one of them, ii) mobility and iii) staining intensity of some of the bands. The esterase (non-specific) patterns of serum, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart muscle and eggs also showed differences. The LDH fraction of eye lens showed a difference in mobility.     

Pollen morphology of Solanurn L. section Solanum

J. M. EDMONDS, 1984. Pollen morphology of Solanum L. section Solnnum . The pollen morphology of both dried and fresh, fixed material was examined using SEM. The work confirmed thc spheroidal to sub-prolate shape, the tricolporate nature and the granular surface sculpturing, typical of Solanurn pollen, but failed to demonstrate the occurrence of exine patterns which could bc of practical taxonomic use is differentiating the species belonging to the section Solanurn . Quantification of the exine sculpturing, by means of granule density counts, indicated a possible relationship between this feature and the morpho-genetic diversity of certain species.     

Biotic regionalization and climatic controls in western North America

New methods of weather analysis accompanied by microhabitat ‘bioassays’ have been applied in several case studies to demonstrate effects of atmospheric processes on patterns of community composition and structure and potential species evolution. Average spatial and seasonal airmass dynamics which determine regional and elevational patterns of relative microhabitat favorability, were found to vary between a recent global warming trend (ca 1900 to 1940) and the subsequent global cooling trend (ca 1940 to 1970). These apparently systematic spatial and temporal shifts in weather were related to plant establishment patterns and community composition and structure. The proposed causal mechanisms function, in part, through regional shifts in microhabitat size. These effects are similar to larger scale, longer term shifts deduced from the late Quaternary fossil record. By modifying the spatial approach, month-to-month and year-to-year variability of weather has been examined for the last 130 years at individual points in southwestern North America. Three climatic regimes (the end of the Little Ice Age, the recent warming trend and the recent cooling trend) exhibited distinct year-to-year patterns of weather that can be related to the establishment of different kinds of plants (e.g., C₄ grasses versus C₃ shrubs). Oscillations between different temporal climatic regimes appear to promote the episodic establishment of different life forms, but not necessarily their local extinction. The two methods of weather analysis have been combined in a regional assessment of climatic controls of different biomes in space and time with a primary focus on the Chihuahuan desert. Natural ecotones between the Chihuahuan desert and neighboring biomes are clearly related to large scale airmass dynamics associated with seasonal oscillations in jetstream position. The weather patterns controlling ecotonal positions result from seasonal topographic influences on the general circulation of the atmosphere. The apparent stability of these patterns allows causal hypotheses of biogeographic dynamics and the evolution of physiological traits and life history characteristics.     

鸡胚视网膜发育中花生凝集素结合糖蛋白的图谱

我们应用微量(1—3微克蛋白)等电点聚焦和SDS双向电泳对鸡胚视网膜发育的第4天(E_4)到第16天(E_(16))总蛋白图谱进行分析,并结合印迹的PNA免疫酶标反应,分析了总蛋白中与PNA结合的糖蛋白图谱的变化。E_4时没有看到PNA结合糖蛋白的任何阳性反应的斑点,E_6时这种糖蛋白的种数突然增加,约占总蛋白数的20%。新的糖蛋白增加的速率在E_6时最快,存其后的发育阶段(E_8—E_(16))慢于总蛋白增加的速率。这种糖蛋白大都是等电点在中性pH范围内,中等大小分子量的糖肽。视神经的总蛋白中含PNA结合糖蛋白数的比例高于同一发育年龄视网膜中的比例,这说明糖蛋白可能主要存在于质膜上。视网膜的总蛋白图谱相似于前脑的,但与视顶盖的更相近。本文对这种能与PNA结合,即含有D-半乳糖残基的糖蛋白在视网膜发育中的意义进行了讨论。     

The significance of call duration in howler monkeys

The “loud” calls of forest primates consist of repeated sounds that elicit a response from other members of the species. Recent studies suggest that these calls are often displays by the males that permit them to assess the strength of their opponents. Previous research on red howler monkeys supported the hypothesis that howling functions in assessment of competing individuals, as an alternative to energetically expensive chases and fights. As the second step in the attempt to understand the evolution of howling in genus Alouatta,one aspect—call duration — was compared in two species,the mantled howler (Alouatta palliata)and the red howler (A. seniculus).In A. palliatathe median howl duration was 3.5 sec and the interhowl interval was 20.0 sec, while in A. seniculusthe median howl duration was 19.0 sec and the interhowl interval was 3.0 sec. During the dawn chorus, the total duration of calling in A. seniculusmay be 10 or more times greater than that in A. palliata.The latter species appears to be limited in the duration of howls it can produce, so it increases the amount of calling by reducing the interhowl interval. At least four factors may be important in the evolution of the observed differences in call structure: constraints of the acoustic environment, alternate forms of display used by A. palliata,the presence or absence of competing males within the troop, and the effect of female calls on male howling. The observations suggest that the use of the male loud call may reflect differences in the nature of male-male competition and female support more than it reflects the constraints of the acoustic environment.     

Local population differences in emergence of cabbage root flies from south-west Lancashire: implications for pest forecasting and population divergence

ABSTRACT.

• 1 Emergence of cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.), from overwintering populations of puparia collected from twenty-one sites in south-west Lancashire, was extremely variable.
• 2 The patterns of emergence indicated that there were two extreme biotypes, one with early- and the other with late-emerging flies. There was also evidence of an intermediate biotype, tending more to early than to late emergence.
• 3 This gradient of biotypes, or clinal divergence, was maintained by populations breeding at different times and by females mating close to their sites of emergence. Non-dispersive females then perpetuated their genotype within their own locality.
• 4 The time of emergence was not obviously associated with the type of host-crop on which larvae had developed.
• 5 The late-emerging biotype was most prevalent around Halsall. The minimum distance between populations of the late- and the early-emerging biotypes was 16 km. 20 km south-east from Halsall only half of the fly population was early-emerging, possibly a result of a displacement of the Halsall biotype by the prevailing NW wind.
• 6 Regional-based forecasts will need to take into account the emergence characteristics of the populations to predict the peak periods of cabbage root fly activity adequately in south-west Lancashire and other areas where emergence patterns differ.

     

HAUL-OUT PATTERNS, SITE FIDELITY AND ACTIVITY BUDGETS OF MALE HOOKER'S SEA LIONS (PHOCARCTOS HOOKERI) ON THE NEW ZEALAND MAINLAND

Diurnal and seasonal haul-out patterns, site fidelity and activity budgets of individually identified Hooker's sea lions were studied for two years at Papanui Beach, Otago Peninsula, New Zealand.
Fourteen male sea lions were identified. Lengths ranged from 1.65 m–2.28 m and estimated ages from 2-11 yr. The population consisted of four sexually and socially mature (potentially breeding), eight sexually mature but socially immature and two immature males. Most haul-outs (95.6%) were by nine identifiable individuals (Residents) returning on a regular basis, suggesting a high degree of site specificity. Emigration and recruitment were low in relation to the length of the study. Daily arrivals (mean = 0844 h, SD = 1.49) and departures (mean = 1802 h, SD = 1.18) indicate nocturnal feeding. During March 1986 sea lions spent 43.8% of each day ashore (= 78% of daylight hours). Numbers of sea lions hauled out declined in both breeding seasons; in 1986/87 this was due to a decrease in haul-out frequency of resident animals. All but one of these sea lions returned after the breeding season.
Sea lions preferentially selected the middle and the extreme ends of the beach as haul-out sites. During winter use was made of the grass dunes as haul-out areas.
There were significant differences in the frequencies of behavioral activities between summer and winter; more time was allocated to resting in summer.     

蚕豆田节肢类群落特征的初步研究

经调查,蚕豆田的昆虫和蜘蛛,计有68种,其中属农作物害虫的有18种,天敌有50种。本文还对蚕豆田节肢类的优势种群、种群动态及其群落特征进行了分析,阐明了保护蚕豆田中的天敌对控制后茬作物害虫的重要意义。     

Chromosomal evolution withinPiperaceae

Chromosome numbers for 26 different species of the generaPiper, Peperomia andPothomorphe (Piperaceae) are reported. The basic chromosome numbers are 2n = 26, x = 13 (Piper, Pothomorphe) and 2n = 22, x = 11 (Peperomia), polyploid series are characteristic forPiper andPeperomia. Piper has the smallest chromosomes and prochromosomal interphase nuclei,Peperomia the largest ones and mostly reticulate to euchromatic nuclei.Pothomorphe is intermediate in both characters. The karyomorphological differences betweenPothomorphe andPiper underline their generic separation. Interspecific size variation of chromosomes occurs inPiper andPeperomia. Infraspecific polyploidy was observed inPiper betle. C-banding reveals different patterns of heterochromatin (hc) distribution between the genera investigated. The genome evolution is discussed.     

Antheseabhängige UV-Muster in Blütenständen von Asteraceen

The pseudanthia ofHeliopsis scabra andRudbeckia vulgaris (Asteraceae) were examined during the anthesis for differences in their UV patterns. Distinct changes in the reflectance and absorbance properties could be observed. The results suggest a close correlation between different stages of floral development and pollinator attraction.

Herrn Prof. Dr.Lothar Geitler zum 90. Geburtstag gewidmet.