Regional distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution of different land use in an antimony mining area – Xikuangshan,China

Abstract

Mining activities have introduced various heavy metals and metalloids to surrounding soil environments, causing adverse impacts to the ecological environment system. The extremely high concentration of various heavy metals and metalloids make the Xikuangshan (Hunan, China) an excellent model to assess their ecological risk. In this study, the soil samples from 26 locations of different land use methods in four areas (smelting area, road nearby ore, mining area, and ore tailing area) in Xikuangshan with different levels of various heavy metals and metalloids (Sb, As, Pb, and Cd) were analyzed; in addition, the index of geo-accumulation and the potential ecological risk index were used to evaluate ecological risk. The results showed that the average contents of Sb, As, Pb, and Cd in all soil samples were 4368.222?mg·kg^?1, 40.722?mg·kg^?1, 248.013?mg·kg^?1, and 40.941?mg·kg^?1, respectively, implying serious contamination of compound pollution of heavy metals in soil. The concentration of heavy metals in soil among smelting area, road nearby ore, mining area, and ore tailing area showed significant distribution characteristics of region because different mining activities such as smelting, mining, transportation, and stacking caused different pollution intensity. Moreover, the contents of Sb in soil samples decreased successively in residue field, wasteland, forestland, sediment, grassland, and vegetable field, and the contents of Sb in vegetable-field and ecological restoration grassland were relatively low, which indicate that the method of grassland ecological restoration is an effective method to control antimony pollution in soil. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that the antimony mining area was seriously polluted by Sb, As, Pb, and Cd, and had strong ecological risk, and Sb and Cd were the most important pollution factors, which indicated that the pollution of Sb and Cd should be a major concern of relevant departments of environment and health.     

Occurrence frequencies and regional variations in Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) global active fires

Active fires are considered to be the key contributor to, and critical consequence of, climate change. Quantifying the occurrence frequency and regional variations in global active fires is significant for assessing carbon cycling, atmospheric chemistry, and postfire ecological effects. Multiscale variations in fire occurrence frequencies have still never been fully investigated despite free access to global active fire products. We analyzed the occurrence frequencies of Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) active fires at national, pan‐regional (tropics and extratropics) to global scales and at hourly, monthly, and annual scales during 2012–2017. The results revealed that the accumulated occurrence frequencies of VIIRS global active fires were up to 12,193 × 10⁴, yet exhibiting slight fluctuations annually and with respect to the 2014–2016 El Niño event, especially during 2015. About 35.52% of VIIRS active fires occurred from July to September, particularly in August (13.06%), and typically between 10:00 and 13:00 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT; 42.96%) and especially at 11:00 GMT (17.65%). The total counts conform to a bimodal pattern with peaks in 5°–11°N (18.01%) and 5°–18°S (32.46%), respectively, alongside a unimodal distribution in terms of longitudes between 15°E and 30°E (32.34%). Tropical annual average of active fire (1,496.81 × 10⁴) accounted for 75.83%. Nearly 30% were counted in Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, and Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA). Fires typically occurred between June (or August) and October (or November) with far below‐average rainfall in these countries, while those in MSEA primarily occurred between February and April during the dry season. They were primarily observed between 00:00 and 02:00 GMT, between 12:00 and 14:00 within each Zone Time. We believed that VIIRS global active fires products are useful for developing fire detection algorithms, discriminating occurrence types and ignition causes via correlation analyses with physical geographic elements, and assessment of their potential impacts.     

不同温度对迷人杜鹃种子萌发与幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

该研究利用实验室不同恒温和变温控制试验,考察了不同温度[恒温(15℃、25℃、35℃)和变温(25℃/15℃、30℃/20℃,高温12 h,低温12 h)]处理对迷人杜鹃种子萌发、幼苗形态指标和生理生化指标的影响,探讨温度对迷人杜鹃种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响机制。结果表明:(1)迷人杜鹃种子在25℃/15℃变温条件下萌发率(87.69%)和萌发指数(8.65)均最高。(2)25℃/15℃变温有利于迷人杜鹃幼苗的地径、苗高、平均根长和萌枝数的增加,以及根、茎、叶生物量的积累。(3)25℃/15℃变温处理下幼苗叶片的总叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量最高,而MDA含量、CAT活性和SOD活性较低。研究认为,迷人杜鹃种子萌发和幼苗生长的最适宜温度条件为25℃/15℃(昼/夜),而在高温(35℃)和低温(15℃)环境下均会受到显著抑制。     

外源硫对镉胁迫下马齿苋光合性状和矿质元素吸收的影响

从光合反应系统揭示外源硫(S)诱导马齿苋镉(Cd)耐受性的生理机制,为外源S缓解重金属毒害提供理论依据.采用营养液培养,研究外源S供体(NH4)2SO4对100 mg/L Cd胁迫下马齿苋叶片光合色素、光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数和矿质营养元素的影响.结果表明,Cd胁迫可显著降低马齿苋叶片中叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量;净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度均显著降低,而胞间二氧化碳浓度上升,表明非气孔因素是Cd胁迫诱导马齿苋光合抑制的主要因素;同时,PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSII)、电子传递效率(J)、化学猝灭系数(qP)显著下降,而非化学猝灭系数(qN)显著上升,表明Cd胁迫影响马齿苋PSⅡ反应系统的正常运行.外施400 mg/L(NH4)2SO4显著提高马齿苋叶片叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和叶绿素a/b比值,增强马齿苋叶片光合作用和PSⅡ原初光化学反应量子效率.对5种与光反应系统密切相关的矿质元素含量进行分析发现,Cd处理显著增加马齿苋叶片中的Ca和Fe含量,显著抑制马齿苋对Mg、Mn和Cu的吸收.Cd胁迫下马齿苋叶片的变黄与Mg、Mn的亏缺有关,而与Fe缺乏无关;添加外源S可显著提升马齿苋叶片中Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu和Mn含量,从而增强Cd胁迫下马齿苋叶片的PSII反应系统功能.     

新建川藏铁路(雅安-昌都段)沿线外来入侵植物种类及分布特征

横断山区为全球生物多样性热点地区之一, 也是全国生态屏障的重要组成部分。新建川藏铁路雅安至昌都段横跨横断山核心地区, 铁路建设形成的交通网络将沿线生物多样性热点区域与外界相连, 导致生物入侵风险陡增。为获得区域内外来入侵植物的种类及分布特征信息, 为即将开始的铁路工程建设、生态保护及生态修复等工作提供参考, 我们在雅安-昌都段内选择43个位点各进行长度1 km、宽度20 m的样线调查。研究结果显示: 雅安-昌都段共发现外来入侵植物58种, 隶属于18科42属, 其中出现频度最高的种类依次是牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora)、秋英(Cosmos bipinnatus)和鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)。从危害等级来看, 其中10种为恶性入侵种, 16种为严重入侵种, 8种为局部入侵种, 15种为一般入侵种, 9种为有待观察种, 超过半数种类具有明显入侵性。原产地分析结果显示美洲是该区域外来入侵植物的主要原产地。基于海拔及主要河流区段的比较研究发现: 入侵植物的种类数量呈现出明显的由东向西、由低海拔向高海拔逐渐递减的趋势, 该分布格局是环境因子和人类活动共同作用的结果。结合铁路沿线入侵现状和生境特征, 本文分析了铁路建设可能造成的外来植物入侵风险, 并针对入侵的防范提出了相应的建议。     

植酶Q9对大田遮阴夏玉米产量和衰老特性的调控作用

黄淮海夏季太阳辐射量降低以及种植密度增加引起了夏玉米冠层光照不足,产量大幅降低。本试验选用夏玉米品种‘登海605'(DH605)为试验材料,设置3个遮阴处理:花粒期遮阴(S₁)、穗期遮阴(S₂)和全生育期遮阴(S₃),以大田自然光照为对照(CK),并选用化控试剂植酶Q9(原液稀释100倍)对遮阴处理和CK进行外源调控,即花粒期遮阴-植酶Q9(S₁Q)、穗期遮阴-植酶Q9(S₂Q)、全生育期遮阴-植酶Q9(S₃Q)及大田自然光照-植酶Q9(CKQ),化控处理以同时期喷施清水为对照,探讨植酶Q9对大田遮阴夏玉米衰老特性的调控作用。结果表明: 遮阴显著降低了夏玉米的叶面积指数(LAI)、功能叶片叶绿素相对含量值(SPAD值)和净光合速率,进而显著降低了夏玉米产量。同时,遮阴夏玉米穗位叶的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸含量显著增加,可溶性蛋白含量显著降低。喷施植酶Q9后,S₃Q和S₂Q的LAI、功能叶片SPAD值和净光合速率显著提高;S₃Q、S₂Q、S₁Q的MDA和游离脯氨酸含量显著降低,可溶性蛋白含量和POD活性显著提高,S₂Q、S₃Q各时期的SOD和CAT活性显著提高;S₃Q、S₂Q、S₁Q的产量分别较S₃、S₂、S₁平均提高19%、8%、7%,CKQ与CK间无显著差异。因此,喷施植酶Q9通过提高弱光胁迫下夏玉米的光合能力,延缓叶片的衰老,增加产量,可有效缓解弱光胁迫导致的减产危害。     

遮荫处理对芍药幼苗生长和矿质营养积累的影响

遮荫是保护芍药幼苗生长的重要措施。本试验研究了不同遮荫处理对多伦芍药幼苗生长特性和矿质营养积累的影响,以便为多伦芍药幼苗栽培提供指导。采用盆栽试验,研究不遮荫(CK)、出苗一周后20%遮荫、40%遮荫、60%遮荫和80%遮荫5个处理的多伦芍药幼苗生长和矿质营养积累的变化。结果表明:与CK相比,遮荫处理显著提高了幼苗株高,增幅分别为19.9%、31.1%、52.9%、63.7%;显著降低了根生物量比和根冠比,降幅分别为21.5%、23.6%、29.2%、41.8%和40.6%、44.0%、50.9%、63.2%。40%遮荫、60%遮荫和80%遮荫显著提高了比叶面积,增幅分别为77.0%、84.1%、65.2%,显著增加了叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,增幅分别为92.3%、128.7%、98.1%和86.9%、113.1%、90.5%,显著降低了根生物量,降幅分别为61.4%、74.3%、78.6%。与CK、20%遮荫、40%遮荫和80%遮荫处理相比,60%遮荫显著提高了根中磷含量,增幅分别为245.7%、65.9%、40.5%、10.3%;60%遮荫处理的根中钾和镁含量显著高于其他处理,比CK、20%遮荫、40%遮荫和80%遮荫处理分别高102.9%、131.7%、57.0%、63.3%和131.3%、55.1%、40.4%、7.7%。本试验条件下,60%遮荫是多伦芍药幼苗生长适宜的光照条件。     

黄土区土质与土石质塿土堆积体水力侵蚀过程差异

利用室内模拟降雨试验,研究了不同雨强及坡度条件下黄土区土质(不含砾石)与土石质(砾石质量分数30%)塿土堆积体的水动力学特征、侵蚀特征及侵蚀动力机制的差异。结果表明: 砾石存在改变了堆积体坡面的水动力学特性,与土质坡面相比,土石质坡面的流速、弗汝德数、单位径流功率和过水断面单位能分别减少1.7%～49.7%、6.7%～60.6%、2.0%～44.6%和1.0%～26.7%;曼宁糙率系数、径流剪切力分别增加6.2%～169.4%、5.7%～79.3%。2.0、2.5 mm·min^-1雨强下,土石质坡面侵蚀速率较土质坡面降低26.2%～89.9%,砾石的减沙效益显著。2种堆积体的侵蚀速率与水动力学参数间均可用线性函数拟合,与土质坡面相比,土石质坡面的可蚀性参数均降低,降幅为56.1%～73.3%;而临界水动力学参数中径流剪切力增加11.1%,径流功率、单位径流功率和过水断面单位能分别减少25.4%、64.0%和5.0%。砾石的存在一定程度上控制了工程堆积体坡面降雨侵蚀过程。     

杜鹃属植物与杜鹃灌丛群落的研究进展

对杜鹃属(Rhododendron L.)植物起源、中国分布、适应性、灌丛群落结构特征和演替特征等问题进行了综述,并对杜鹃属植物的深入研究和合理利用进行展望。中国西南地区以及喜马拉雅至缅甸北部地区为杜鹃属植物的起源中心,贵州百里杜鹃林是全球最大野生杜鹃资源库。杜鹃属植物的适应性与所在区系的同质性、海拔相似度、进化程度、关键功能性状等密切相关,基于进化-形态功能特征的比较为选育适应性优良的杜鹃品种提供了参考。杜鹃灌丛群落具有特殊性,表现出复杂的多层次垂直结构、镶嵌式水平结构和明显的年龄结构特征。依据群落具备优势种生态位宽度大且种群间的生态位相似性比例较小来判定杜鹃灌丛群落已演替至顶级的观点仍有待考证。