The shared diseases between animals and humans are known as zoonotic diseases and spread infectious diseases among humans. Zoonotic diseases are not only a major burden to livestock industry but also threaten humans accounting for >60% cases of human illness. About 75% of emerging infectious diseases in humans have been reported to originate from zoonotic pathogens. Because antibiotics are frequently used to protect livestock from bacterial diseases, the development of antibiotic‐resistant strains of epidemic and zoonotic pathogens is now a major concern. Live attenuated and killed vaccines are the only option to control these infectious diseases and this approach has been used since 1890. However, major problems with this approach include high cost and injectable vaccines is impractical for >20 billion poultry animals or fish in aquaculture. Plants offer an attractive and affordable platform for vaccines against animal diseases because of their low cost, and they are free of attenuated pathogens and cold chain requirement. Therefore, several plant‐based vaccines against human and animals diseases have been developed recently that undergo clinical and regulatory approval. Plant‐based vaccines serve as ideal booster vaccines that could eliminate multiple boosters of attenuated bacteria or viruses, but requirement of injectable priming with adjuvant is a current limitation. So, new approaches like oral vaccines are needed to overcome this challenge. In this review, we discuss the progress made in plant‐based vaccines against zoonotic or other animal diseases and future challenges in advancing this field. 相似文献
Despite their low prevalence, genetic kidney diseases (GKD) still represent a serious health problem. They often lead to kidney failure and to the consequent need of dialysis or kidney transplant. To date, reliable diagnosis requires laborious genetic tests and/or a renal biopsy. Moreover, only scant and non-specific markers exist for prognostic purposes. Biomarkers assayed in an easily available and low-cost sample, such as urine, would be highly valuable. Urinary proteomics can provide clues related to their development through the identification of differentially expressed proteins codified by the affected genes, or other dis-regulated species, in total or fractionated urine, providing novel mechanistic insights. In this review, the authors summarize and discuss the results of the main proteomic investigations on GKD urine samples and in urinary extracellular vesicles. 相似文献
Introduction: Unwanted platelet activation is associated with numerous diseases, mainly thrombosis-related. In this context, proteomics has emerged as a novel tool with potential for drug target discovery and to scrutinize the effects of antiplatelet drugs.
Areas covered: The present review presents the main findings of platelet proteomic studies to date in the context of drug target discovery and perspectives for the future ahead. It includes data and evidences obtained from literature searches on PubMed as well as commentaries derived from the authors’ experience and opinions.
Expert commentary: Platelet proteomics applied to drug target discovery is a young field. Recent studies have shown promising data, especially in the context of coronary artery disease. However, challenges remain such as establishing definitive guidelines for blood collection and platelet isolation, essential to guarantee data reproducibility. Recent advances in quantitative platelet proteomics should lead to novel studies with higher clinical impact in the near future. 相似文献
The melanopsin system consists of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells containing the photopigment melanopsin (mRGCs). These mRGCs mediate several non-image-forming visual functions, including light entrainment of circadian rhythms. Here we evaluate age-related alterations of the melanopsin system and circadian rhythms in P23H line 1 (P23H-1) rats, a rodent model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In homozygous P23H-1 rats and wild-type control rats from the same genetic background (Sprague–Dawley), body temperature and locomotor activity were continuously monitored at 10-min intervals for 7 days, once every 4–5 weeks, between 2 and 24 months of age, using a telemetry transmitter. The distribution and number of mRGCs were assessed in control rats at 12, 18, and 24 months of age and in P23H-1 rats aged 12, 18, 24, and 30 months by immunostaining whole-mount retinas with antibodies against melanopsin. The mean density of mRGCs in control rats showed no significant variations when evaluated at 12 and 18 months of age, and fell by approximately 56% between 18 and 24 months of age. Meanwhile, a significant decrease in the mean number of mRGCs was found in 18-month-old P23H-1 rats as compared to 18-month-old control rats (81% decrease). Parametric and non-parametric analyses of the records showed a gradual age-dependent weakening of body temperature and locomotor activity circadian rhythms robustness in both control and P23H-1 rats from 2 to 24 months of age. However, body temperature and locomotor activity circadian patterns were less robust throughout the experiment in P23H-1 as compared to control rats, with lower amplitude, weaker coupling strength to environmental zeitgebers and higher fragmentation of the rhythms. The present study shows that the degeneration of photoreceptors and inner retinal neurons, characteristic of RP, has age-related degenerative effects on the melanopsin system and is associated with weaker circadian patterns. 相似文献
SUMOylation of proteins is an important regulatory element in modulating protein function and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, brain injuries, diabetes, and familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Growing evidence has pointed to a significant role of SUMO in kidney diseases such as DN, RCC, nephritis, AKI, hypertonic stress and nephrolithiasis. Recently, emerging studies in podocytes demonstrated that SUMO might have a protective role against podocyte apoptosis. However, the SUMO code responsible for beneficial outcome in the kidney remains to be decrypted. Our recent experiments have revealed that the expression of both SUMO and SUMOylated proteins is appreciably elevated in hypoxia‐induced tubular epithelial cells (TECs) as well as in the unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) mouse model, suggesting a role of SUMO in TECs injury and renal fibrosis. In this review, we attempt to decipher the SUMO code in the development of kidney diseases by summarizing the defined function of SUMO and looking forward to the potential role of SUMO in kidney diseases, especially in the pathology of renal fibrosis and CKD, with the goal of developing strategies that maximize correct interpretation in clinical therapy and prognosis. 相似文献