Non-management of Natural Resources: The Case of Inland Fisheries in the Mayan Zone,Quintana Roo,México

This study explores the management of inland fisheries on common lands (ejidos) within the Mayan Zone of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Qualitative survey data are used to examine whether there are (a) ongoing fishery conservation activities; (b) local caretakers of fishing sites; (c) restrictions on where fishing can take place; and (d) particular groups of individuals who lack the right to fish within the ejidos. Results indicate that in contrast to other local resources, fisheries in the ejidos have less defined use rights, being viewed as largely “open access”. In particular, most feel that outsiders can fish in an ejido if they abide by local rules (notably not damaging the local water bodies, asking consent to fish, and having a friend or relative in the community). However, there are within-community differences in views concerning management and conservation, with those more dependent on fishing being more likely to support exclusion of outsiders.     

草鱼CNBP的分子特征及其进化分析

从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)肝肾cDNA文库中克隆到细胞核酸结合蛋白基因CNBP的完整开放阅读框序列.分析表明草鱼CNBP由163个氨基酸残基组成,含有7个保守CCHC型锌指结构、核定位信号区和RGG框,与其他鱼类的同源性很高.与人及其他脊椎动物的相比,草鱼细胞核酸结合蛋白在第3个锌指中的第5个氨基酸残基由Gly变成His,另外在第1锌指和第2锌指结构间,缺失6～14个氨基酸残基.虽然如此,适应性进化分析显示细胞核酸结合蛋白没有经历正达尔文选择(ω≤1),即这种结构的差异还不足以产生新的功能.这表明CNBP处于中性进化中.     

Plasmid content of salt stress-tolerant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizobium</Emphasis> strains from Egyptian soils nodulating common bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus vulgaris</Emphasis> L.)

Plasmid profile analysis is useful to characterize Rhizobium strains within the same species. Among the 16 Rhizobium strains examined, 14 had distinct plasmid profiles. The size of plasmids ranged from 40 to 650 kb, and three plasmids of 650, 510 and 390 kb were common to several strains. Plasmid analysis revealed that Rhizobium etli contained a mega-plasmid, similar in size to Rhizobium tropici. All the salt-tolerant strains examined had a plasmid of 250 kb, except for strain EBRI 29. This suggests that this plasmid may play an important adaptive role under salt stress conditions.     

北朱雀、燕雀和白腰朱顶雀的能量代谢特征和体温调节

本实验采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计 ,测定了环境温度在 5 - 34℃范围内北朱雀 (Carpodacusroseus)、燕雀 (Fringillamontifringilla)和白腰朱顶雀 (Acanthisflammea)的耗氧量、热传导、体温等指标 ,探讨了其代谢产热特征。结果表明 :在环境温度 (Ta)为 5 - 30℃的范围内 ,北朱雀的体温基本维持恒定 ,平均体温为4 0 4 6± 0 1 0℃ ,热中性区为 2 2 5 - 2 7 5℃ ,基础代谢率为 4 30± 0 0 8mlO2 /(g·h) ;环境温度在 5 - 2 0℃范围内 ,代谢率 (MR)与Ta 呈负相关 ,回归方程为MR [mlO2 /(g·h) ]=9 34- 0 2 1Ta (℃ ) ;在此范围内 ,北朱雀的热传导率最低且基本保持恒定 ,平均为 0 2 4± 0 0 0mlO2 /(g·h·℃ )。在环境温度为 5 - 34℃的范围内 ,燕雀的体温基本保持稳定 ,为 4 0 4 0± 0 1 1℃ ,热中性区为 2 5 - 30℃ ,基础代谢率为 4 1 9± 0 0 5mlO2 /(g·h) ;环境温度在 5 - 2 5℃范围内 ,MR与Ta 的回归方程为 :MR [mlO2 / (g·h) ]=1 1 6 4 - 0 2 9Ta (℃ ) ;在 5- 30℃内 ,燕雀的热传导最低 ,平均为 0 2 9± 0 0 1mlO2 / (g·h·℃ )。白腰朱顶雀的热中性区为 2 5 - 2 8℃ ,平均体温为 4 0 4 8± 0 1 1℃ (5 - 34℃ ) ,最低代谢率为 4 4 5± 0 1 4mlO2 / (g·h) ,最低热传导为 0 3     

Sperm transfer during mating, movement of sperm in the female reproductive tract, and sperm precedence in the common cutworm Spodoptera litura

Abstract. Mating behaviour, sperm transfer and sperm precedence were studied in the moth Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). There existed a rhythmic, diel pattern of mating behaviour of this moth during the scotophase, presumably set with respect to an endogenous activity rhythm. Approximately 30 min after copulation had started, the formation of the corpus of the spermatophore began in the bursa copulatrix of the female moth, but full inflation of the corpus was not completed until 45–60 min after mating had started. The mature spermatophore contained about 350 eupyrene sperm bundles and a large number of individual (loose) apyrene spermatozoa. The mating status and the age of the male insect influenced the number of sperm transferred to the female within the spermatophore, and also affected the consequent fertility. There was no evidence of sperm reflux within the male tract. Within the female, dissociation of eupyrene sperm bundles was evident within the spermatophore less than 15 min after the completion of mating. Spermatozoa began to move from the bursa (in which the spermatophore is lodged) into the spermatheca 30–45 min after the end of the copulation, and the quantity of sperm in the spermatheca reached a plateau at 90 min after mating. Apyrene sperm reached the spermatheca first, followed by eupyrene sperm. Examination of total (apyrene plus eupyrene) sperm in the female tract showed that 86% of mated females received an apparently normal amount of total sperm from the male. Examination of eupyrene sperm alone showed that 81% of matings resulted in an apparently normal transfer of eupyrene sperm. A small proportion (approximately 8%) of the matings, however, were identified as transferring a clearly subnormal quantity of eupyrene sperm to the spermatheca. The eggs produced as a result of such pairings displayed much reduced fertility (about 43%) compared to those from matings confirmed to have transferred normal quantities of sperm, which showed about 92% fertility. This shows that the availability of eupyrene sperm in the spermatheca may be an important constraint on fertility in normal populations of insects. In the laboratory, S. litura females exhibited multiple matings. Of the females, 93% mated, and the mean frequency of mating was 1.69. Mating with a fertile male led to the oviposition of an increased number of eggs. This effect continued even when the female subsequently mated with an infertile male. Displacement of sperm from previous matings is known to be an important factor in the evolution of multiple mating strategies. Our results on sperm utilization by S. litura indicated that after a second mating, the sperm utilized for subsequent fertilization were almost exclusively from the last mating with little mixing. The proportion of eggs fertilized by sperm from the second mating (P₂) was calculated as 0.95, indicating almost complete sperm precedence from the last mating.     

四株草鱼呼肠孤病毒毒株的细胞感染特性比较研究

本文首次对低温保存的三株草鱼呼肠孤病毒GCRV873 、GCRV875、GCRV876与新分离的GCRV991毒株进行了细胞培养与病毒感染特性等比较研究。结果表明 ,GCRV873 、GCRV875、GCRV876在 - 30℃保存 10年后仍然具有一定的感染性 ,其滴度均在 10 2 TCID50 /mL以上 ,略低于从病鱼组织分离的GCRV991毒株的滴价。经传代培养后 ,四株GCRV的毒力逐渐升高 ,并趋于稳定 ;当感染复数 (MOI)为 0 .0 5PFU/cell时 ,测定四株GCRV的滴度均高于 10 8TCID50 /mL ,但略有差异。GCRV873 的滴度最高 ,可达到 6 .4× 10 11TCID50 /mL。连续传代的GCRV毒株在不同温度 (2 8℃、31℃、34℃、37℃、41℃ )条件下 ,均可感染CIK细胞 ;在 2 8℃时 ,感染效价最高 ,随着温度的升高 ,其感染效价逐渐降低     

IGF—ImRNA在不同年龄鲤表达的差异和LHRH—A对IGF—ImRNA表达的影响

利用RNA酶保护法对7月龄性未成熟幼鲤和2龄性成熟鲤组织胰岛素样生长因子-I（IGF-I）mRNA的表达水平进行测定,结果表明成鱼肝和肾脏组织IGF-ImRNA的丰度显著高于幼鱼,对鲤成鱼和幼鱼腹腔注射促性腺激素释放激素类似物（LHRH-A,D-Ala^6-Pro^9-NEt-LHRH)使血清生长激素（GH）水平和肝组织IGF-ImRNA水平都显著升高,而成鱼生殖腺IGF-ImRNA的丰度比对照组显著增加,研究结果提示鲤在不同发育阶段肝组织IGF-ImRNA的丰度比对照组显著增加,研究结果提示鲤在不同发育阶段肝组织IGF-ImRNA的表达存在差别,其中2龄成鱼大于7月龄幼鱼;LHRH-A可能通过刺激垂体GH的释放间接促进肝组织IGF-ImRNA的表达,亦可能通过某种未知途径刺激生殖腺IGF-ImRNA的表达。     

Differential climate–growth relationships in Abies alba Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L. in Mediterranean mountain forests

Pointer year analysis, simple correlations, and response functions were combined in a dendroecological study to evaluate climate–growth relationships over the last century in two Abies alba Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L. mixed stands in Southern Italy mountainous areas. Analyses revealed species-specific attributes at the two study sites, i.e. Molise and Basilicata. Growth divergence between the two species emerged based on three primary climatic drivers, including drought stress and spring warmer temperatures during the current growing season for F. sylvatica, and water availability in the previous growing season for A. alba. However, despite the microclimatic differences between the two study sites, F. sylvatica showed similar climate–growth patterns, while differences were indicated for A. alba, due to its minor susceptibility to drought stress during the current growing season at the Basilicata site. Indeed, at the southernmost geographic limits of A. alba drought avoidance mechanisms were confirmed, consistent with traits considered diagnostic for the species in the Mediterranean region.     

The effect of winter temperatures on the timing of breeding activity in the common toad Bufo bufo

A 19-year study of a common toad population in south Dorset, UK, was carried out between 1980 and 1998. The daily arrival of sexually mature male and female toads at a breeding pond was recorded each year. The timing of the main arrival of toads at the breeding pond was highly correlated with the mean daily temperatures over the 40 days immediately preceding the main arrival. When the temperatures were higher than average, breeding occurred significantly earlier in the year than if they were either average or lower than average. During the study, the toad breeding seasons were early (2–13 February) in 5 years (1989, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1998), late (16–23 March) in 2 years (1986, 1996) and average (25 February–8 March) during the remaining 12 years. Evidence was found suggesting that common toads have a daylength threshold of about 9 h, below which the migration to the breeding pond does not occur. Evidence was also found indicating that common toads in southern England have a threshold temperature for activity of about 6°C and that the onset of breeding activity is highly correlated with the number of days during the 40 days prior to the main arrival at the breeding pond that were at or above this temperature. Predicting the start of the main breeding migration to a pond in any year may be possible by comparing the pattern of the 40-day running mean daily temperatures from 21 December the preceding year with those from previous years when the start of breeding activity is known. Although all five of the earliest recorded toad breeding years occurred during the last 10 years, and were associated with the occurrence of particularly mild winters, a significant trend towards earlier breeding in recent years compared with previous years was not found. Received: 16 July 1998 / Accepted: 14 September 1998     

A common neighbor based technique to detect protein complexes in PPI networks

Detection of protein complexes by analyzing and understanding PPI networks is an important task and critical to all aspects of cell biology. We present a technique called PROtein COmplex DEtection based on common neighborhood (PROCODE) that considers the inherent organization of protein complexes as well as the regions with heavy interactions in PPI networks to detect protein complexes. Initially, the core of the protein complexes is detected based on the neighborhood of PPI network. Then a merging strategy based on density is used to attach proteins and protein complexes to the core-protein complexes to form biologically meaningful structures. The predicted protein complexes of PROCODE was evaluated and analyzed using four PPI network datasets out of which three were from budding yeast and one from human. Our proposed technique is compared with some of the existing techniques using standard benchmark complexes and PROCODE was found to match very well with actual protein complexes in the benchmark data. The detected complexes were at par with existing biological evidence and knowledge.