植物抗冷分子生物学研究进展（综述）

温度是植物生长的必要条件,然而低温却是限制作物生产的重要因素,为此,各国政府及研究部门一直都把植物低温适应性问题作为一个重要的研究课题．按照低温的不同程度,植物的低温伤害可分为冷害（ｃｈｉｌｌｉｎｇ ｉｎｊｕｒｙ;零上低温对植物的伤害）和冻害（ｆｒｅｅｚｉｎｇ ｉｎｊｕｒｙ;零下低温对植物的伤害）两大类。早期关于植物冷害机理和抗冷机理的研究,是从比较冷敏感（ｃｈｉｌｌｉｎｇ－ｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅ）植物和抗冷（ｃｈｉｌｌｉｎｇ－ｉｎｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅ）植物或比较未经冷驯化的植物（ｎｏｎ－ｃｏｌｄ－ａｃ…     

Variability in factors causing light attenuation in Lake Victoria

1. The major optical components controlling the attenuation of photosynthetic available radiation in nearshore areas of Lake Victoria (Uganda and Kenya) were examined and their impact compared. It was found that chromophoric dissolved organic matter and tripton play a dominating role in many nearshore areas, indicating that the coastal areas of Lake Victoria cannot be considered as Case I waters.
2. Concentrations of chromophoric dissolved organic matter declined with distance from the coast in an exponential manner indicating dilution and degradation of terrestrial sources of organic matter rather than in situ production. The importance of tripton was found to follow a similar pattern, while the relative importance of phytoplankton biomass in overall attenuation of photosynthetic available radiation was found to increase with distance from the coast. A specific attenuation coefficient for phytoplankton biomass was determined (0.019 m² mg Chl a ⁻¹).
3. Using a light limitation approach based on carrying capacity, it was possible to map areas that are closer to being light limited. Light limitation appears to occur throughout most bays and some coastal areas receiving catchment waters. This spatial information, geographically referenced to bathymetric and catchment conditions, was utilized to understand the importance of environmental conditions in limiting phytoplankton biomass.     

布氏田鼠冷暴露中褐色脂肪组织的增补及解偶联蛋白基因表达

布氏田鼠 (Microtusbrandti)随机分组暴露在冷环境 [12L∶12D ,(4± 2 )℃ ]中 12h ,1d ,3d ,7d ,14d ,2 1d和 2 8d ;对照组生活在温暖环境下 [12L∶12D ,(2 5± 2 )℃ ]。与对照组相比 ,布氏田鼠的褐色脂肪组织 (BAT)重量在冷暴露 12h～ 3d时降低 ,7～ 2 1d时则增加。 7～ 2 8d冷暴露组动物的BAT总蛋白和总DNA含量均比对照组明显提高。冷环境中的布氏田鼠解偶联蛋白 (UCP)的mRNA随时间的延长而表达上调 ,在冷暴露 2 1d时达到高峰。结果表明 ,冷暴露能够诱导布氏田鼠BAT细胞增补和UCP基因表达 ,从而使适应性产热增加。     

Australian Anthropology,Ideology and Political Repression: The Cold War Experience of Frederick G. G. Rose

It is more than half a century since Frederick G. G. Rose (1915–1991) published his classic text, The classification of kin, age structure and marriage amongst the Groote Eylandt Aborigines: A study in method and a theory of kinship (1960) in the former German Democratic Republic. Although the fieldwork for his thesis had been carried out in Australia on Groote Eylandt in 1938 and 1941, a conservative academic establishment and the political climate of the Cold War postponed its publication until 1960. Why were Rose's fieldwork findings suppressed by the powerful gate-keeper of Australian anthropology, Professor Adolphus Peter Elkin (1891–1979)? Moreover, why was Rose later denied a government permit to revisit Groote Eylandt and Central Australia to further his research? This paper examines the early work of the communist anthropologist, Frederick Rose, within the broad context of Western post-war anthropological developments, an expanding capitalist economy and the political tensions of the Cold War era. As a communist and public servant from 1938 to 1954, Rose was forced, after the Petrov Royal Commission cast him under a cloud of suspicion, to seek institutional support for his academic career in the German Democratic Republic.     

Characterization of phytoplankton assemblages in a tropical coastal environment using Kohonen self‐organizing map

This study was aimed at understanding the main abiotic environmental factors controlling the distribution patterns of abundance and composition of phytoplankton (size less than 10 μm) assemblages in the coastal waters of south‐eastern Côte d'Ivoire. Data were collected during two cruises, in January (low‐water period) and October (high‐water period) of 2014. A total of 67 species were identified and assigned to Bacillariophyceae (49%), Cyanophyceae (21%), Chlorophyceae (13%), Euglenophyceae (10%), Dinophyceae (4%) and Chrysophyceae (3%). Three biotic zones (I, IIA and IIB) were distinguishable on a Kohonen self‐organizing map after an unsupervised learning process. The diatom genera Eunotia sp., Navicula sp. and Actinoptychus senarius are significantly associated with I, IIA and IIB biotic zones, respectively. A clear seasonal cum salinity trend was apparent in phytoplankton distribution patterns. Turbidity and nitrate levels were the main abiotic factors controlling phytoplankton distribution in I, the upland tidal regions of the lagoon. In regions along the lagoon–sea continuum, phosphate and turbidity exert the most control during the low‐water season (IIA), while total dissolved solids control phytoplankton distribution during the high‐water season (IIB). These are climate‐sensitive parameters whose concentrations depend on prevailing hydroclimatic processes. Therefore, seasonality can have important consequences on phytoplankton community and inadvertently the productivity of these systems.     

环境参数变化对γ射线诱变微生物的影响

报告了在非自然环境中培养选育青霉菌菌株的一些结论。实验表明随着辐射剂量的增加菌株的致死率也相应增加;当辐照剂量相同时,与自然环境相比其致死率有所提高,且随着非自然环境参数值的增加而增加。当电场强度为３００ｋＶ／ｍ、磁场强度为６００Ｇｓ时,正变率有一极大值。     

Respiratory heat loss of Holstein cows in a tropical environment

In order to develop statistical models to predict respiratory heat loss in dairy cattle using simple physiological and environmental measurements, 15 Holstein cows were observed under field conditions in a tropical environment, in which the air temperature reached up to 40°C. The measurements of latent and sensible heat loss from the respiratory tract of the animals were made by using a respiratory mask. The results showed that under air temperatures between 10 and 35°C sensible heat loss by convection decreased from 8.24 to 1.09 W m^–2, while the latent heat loss by evaporation increased from 1.03 to 56.51 W m^–2. The evaporation increased together with the air temperature in almost a linear fashion until 20°C, but it became increasingly high as the air temperature rose above 25°C. Convection was a mechanism of minor importance for respiratory heat transfer. In contrast, respiratory evaporation was an effective means of thermoregulation for Holsteins in a hot environment. Mathematical models were developed to predict both the sensible and latent heat loss from the respiratory tract in Holstein cows under field conditions, based on measurements of the ambient temperature, and other models were developed to predict respiration rate, tidal volume, mass flow rate and expired air temperature as functions of the ambient temperature and other variables.This paper forms part of A. S. Campos Maias doctoral thesis.     

RUNAWAY COEVOLUTION: ADAPTATION TO HERITABLE AND NONHERITABLE ENVIRONMENTS

Populations evolve in response to the external environment, whether abiotic (e.g., climate) or biotic (e.g., other conspecifics). We investigated how adaptation to biotic, heritable environments differs from adaptation to abiotic, nonheritable environments. We found that, for the same selection coefficients, the coadaptive process between genes and heritable environments is much faster than genetic adaptation to an abiotic nonheritable environment. The increased rate of adaptation results from the positive association generated by reciprocal selection between the heritable environment and the genes responding to it. These associations result in a runaway process of adaptive coevolution, even when the genes creating the heritable environment and genes responding to the heritable environment are unlinked. Although tightening the degree of linkage accelerates the coadaptive process, the acceleration caused by a comparable amount of inbreeding is greater, because inbreeding has a cumulative effect on reducing functional recombination over generations. Our results suggest that that adaptation to local abiotic environmental variation may result in the rapid diversification of populations and subsequent reproductive isolation not directly but rather via its effects on heritable environments and the genes responding to them.