七氟烷复合麻醉对老年骨科患者术后早期认知功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨七氟烷复合麻醉对老年骨科患者术后早期认知功能的影响。方法：选择2017年12月~2019年6月在西安医学院第二附属医院（本院）骨科诊治单侧老年全膝关节置换手术患者112例,随机数字表法分为七氟烷组与对照组,各56例。对照组给予常规静脉注射全身麻醉,在此基础上七氟烷组给予七氟烷吸入麻醉,记录与调查两组术后早期认知功能。结果：经过对比,两组手术时间、术中出血量对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而七氟烷组的术后苏醒时间(7.10±0.22)min、拔管时间(8.65±0.46)min等都显著短于对照组(14.09±1.09)min、(18.76±1.44)min,两组对比有统计学意义(P<0.05)。所有患者在T1、T2、T3与T4时间点的心率和血氧饱和度均表现正常,对比均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。七氟烷组术后1 d、术后14 d的血清白介素(Interleukin,IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α值显著低于对照组,对比有统计学意义(P<0.05),且两组术后14 d的血清IL-6与TNF-α值均显著低于术后1 d (P<0.05)。术后1个月七氟烷组的认知功能障碍发生率为1.8 %（1/56）,显著低于对照组的12.5 %（7/56）,两组间对比有统计学意义(x²=4.846,P=0.028)。结论：七氟烷复合麻醉在老年骨科患者中的应用能促进患者康复,安全性比较好,能抑制炎症因子的释放,从而减少术后早期认知功能障碍的发生。     

How Spike Synchronization Among Olfactory Neurons Can Contribute to Sensory Discrimination

Recent studies in honeybees have demonstrated that, when odor-evoked action potentials in antennal lobe neurons are pharmacologically desynchronized, the bees are impaired in their ability to discriminate chemically similar odor stimuli. Using a reduced computational model of the honeybee antennal lobe, we show how changes in spike-synchronization properties alone, independent of changes in overall spike-discharge rate or differences in activity levels among responsive neurons, can produce changes in associative learning similar to those observed experimentally.     

Learning and memory in disease vectors

All animals can learn to some extent and it should not be surprising to discover that important vectors can also be influenced by experience. The potential effect of memory on vector behaviour, particularly vectorial capacity, has barely been investigated. Yet, how a population of blood-feeding insects distributes between available resources has important epidemiological consequences. Several recent studies have shown that behaviour during oviposition site-selection, host location and even host choice can be influenced by the environment or by experience after eclosion. The significance of these studies and their consequences for epidemiology and control are considered here.     

Discussing epigenetics in Southern California: A report from the International Symposium on Epigenetic Control and Cellular Plasticity,UCI, December 15–16, 2011

With the goal of discussing how epigenetic control and chromatin remodeling contribute to the various processes that lead to cellular plasticity and disease, this symposium marks the collaboration between the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) in France and the University of California, Irvine (UCI). Organized by Paolo Sassone-Corsi (UCI) and held at the Beckman Center of the National Academy of Sciences at the UCI campus December 15–16, 2011, this was the first of a series of international conferences on epigenetics dedicated to the scientific community in Southern California. The meeting also served as the official kick off for the newly formed Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism at the School of Medicine, UCI (http://cem.igb.uci.edu).     

Occlusion of the human serotonin transporter is mediated by serotonin-induced conformational changes in the bundle domain

The human serotonin transporter (hSERT) terminates neurotransmission by removing serotonin (5HT) from the synaptic cleft, an essential process for proper functioning of serotonergic neurons. Structures of the hSERT have revealed its molecular architecture in four conformations, including the outward-open and occluded states, and show the transporter’s engagement with co-transported ions and the binding mode of inhibitors. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which the hSERT occludes and sequesters the substrate 5HT. This first step of substrate uptake into cells is a structural change consisting of the transition from the outward-open to the occluded state. Inhibitors such as the antidepressants citalopram, fluoxetine, and sertraline inhibit this step of the transport cycle. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we reached a fully occluded state, in which the transporter-bound 5HT becomes fully shielded from both sides of the membrane by two closed hydrophobic gates. Analysis of 5HT-triggered occlusion showed that bound 5HT serves as an essential trigger for transporter occlusion. Moreover, simulations revealed a complex sequence of steps and showed that movements of bundle domain helices are only partially correlated. 5HT-triggered occlusion is initially dominated by movements of transmembrane helix 1b, while in the final step, only transmembrane helix 6a moves and relaxes an intermediate change in its secondary structure.     

N-Alkylated arylsulfonamides of (aryloxy)ethyl piperidines: 5-HT7 receptor selectivity versus multireceptor profile

The N-alkylation of the sulfonamide moiety, in a group of arylsulfonamide derivatives of (aryloxy)ethyl piperidines, may be considered as a strategy for the design of selective 5-HT₇ receptor ligands or multifunctional agents to extend a polypharmacological approach to the treatment of complex diseases. The study allowed for the identification of 31 (1-methyl-N-{1-[2-(2-(t-butyl)phenoxy)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl}-N-cyclopropylmethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-sulfonamide), a potent and selective 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist and 33 (1-methyl-N-{1-[2-(biphenyl-2-yloxy)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl}-N-cyclopropylmethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-sulfonamide), as multimodal 5-HT/dopamine receptor ligand, as 5-HT_2A/5-HT₇/D₂ receptor antagonists. Both selected compounds were evaluated in vivo in a forced swim test (FST) in mice and in a novel object recognition (NOR) task in rats, demonstrating distinct antidepressant-like and pro-cognitive properties (MED = 1.25 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, ip, respectively). These findings warrant further studies to explore the therapeutic potential of N-alkylated arylsulfonamides for the treatment of CNS disorders.     

心力衰竭致认知功能紊乱机制的研究进展

心力衰竭(Heart Failure, HF)的主要特征在于异常的心脏收缩和(或)舒张功能,能够导致全身多脏器、多组织功能紊乱。其中HF常见的中枢系统并发症--认知功能紊乱(Cognitive Disorders, CDs)主要表现为学习能力和记忆力减退、定向力障碍以及执行力受损等;其主要病理生理机制包括:血流动力学改变及脑血流自身调节功能受损导致的脑灌注不足、自身免疫系统激活导致的神经炎症反应和神经-内分泌轴紊乱导致的内分泌紊乱等。流行病学调查发现,HF患者罹患CDs的风险明显高于非HF患者;CDs严重影响HF患者的生活质量,并显著增加不良预后的风险。本文对目前HF导致CDs的发病机制进行了详细地阐述和总结,以期有助于疾病的治疗和后续科学研究。     

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how “stress” might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function¹. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats². Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.     

Formación de cuidadores en un programa de estimulación cognitiva: efectos diferenciales según el tipo de cuidador

Background and objectivesThe ageing population and the increasing dependency associated with it, makes the caregiver a highly relevant figure nowadays. The present study analyzes the socio-demographic differences between family and professional caregivers and their satisfaction and implication in a training program for caregivers.MethodsThe sample consisted of 59 caregivers of older people (37 were family caregivers and 22 professional caregivers) which received and implemented a caregivers training program in their daily care functions. These caregivers were trained in communication skills and cognitive stimulation strategies so they could use them in their daily care activities with the older adults under their care during a period of 3 months. All the participants were assessed with a socio-demographic questionnaire, 2 questionnaires to analyze their satisfaction with their work and the training received and one questionnaire to analyze their ability to detect and react to memory and behavior problems in the older adults they attended.ResultsThe results showed socio-demographic differences, improvements in satisfaction in family caregivers and a greater commitment in their daily work after the treatment in both groups although these effects could be due to different reasons.ConclusionsThe research shows the benefits of carrying out training programs for caregivers as they significantly increase the quality and satisfaction with caregiving. The study also displays the need to adjust such programs taking into account that the socio-demographic characteristics and training needs are different depending on whether de caregiver is a family member or a professional.