中国自然保护区网络现状分析与优化设想

我国的自然保护区已覆盖了近15%的国土面积。利用生物多样性保护的地理学方法（Geographic approach to protection of biological diverstiy,GAP）分析了自然保护区的布局和现状。结果表明：我国自然保护区已基本上形成了较完整的体系,但现有保护区网络布局有待进一步合理化：许多重要的、我国特有的或分布狭域的自然生态系统类型、一些珍稀濒危动植物的栖息地、许多稀有或具有重要战略价值的自然资源的产地等尚未被全部纳入保护体系内。作者建议未来自然保护区建设要从以保护物种为中心转向以保护生态系统为中心。应立足现有保护区网络,以扩建原有保护区为主;将具有重要意义的地方保护区升级为国家级保护区;加强与周边国家的合作,建立跨国自然保护区等。保护区规划要因地制宜、形式多样,如在西部应以建立大型自然保护区为主;中、东部人口稠密地区以建立中小型保护区和保护点为主;在候鸟越冬、繁殖与停歇地,可建立季节性保护区等。     

沙坡头地区人工林植物的水分生态位适宜度与种间共存机制分析

以沙坡头地区人工固沙植物为研究对象,扩展了Hutchinson提出的n维超体积生态位概念,定义固沙植物种的水分生态位适宜度是该种的最适水分生态位与现实水分资源位之间的贴近度。水分生态位适宜度的大小表示植物对土壤水分的利用程度。根据几何平行度方法建立了新的数学模型。实例计算结果表明,利用新模型计算结果比常用的百分比相似性公式计算的结果有较合理的数值分布;实验条件下的合理营林密度为5000株／hm^2,营林方式为柠条与油蒿均匀混播,此种情况下水分生态位适宜度最高,相应林木覆盖率最大。在试验条件下,油蒿和柠条纯林的水分生态位适宜度平均值低于混播下的值。关于不同种植密度下水分生态位适宜度的变化规律,呈现随密度增加先上升后下降的趋势。由于油蒿是浅根系植物,利用土壤上层水分;柠条是深根系植物．利用土壤下层水分;二者适当混播后可使土壤水分合理分配和充分利用,因此混播下具有较高的水分适宜度值,而且实验条件下能够实现稳定共存,达到较好的防风固沙效果。     

The impact of human pressure on landscape patterns and plant species richness in Mediterranean coastal dunes

We analyze the spatial patterns of natural dune cover patches and their plant richness, comparing coastal sites with different levels of human pressure in central Italy. We created a detailed land cover map of dune sites. The spatial pattern of natural dune cover types was characterized by computing a set of patch-based metrics. To quantify patch plant richness, we used 16 m² vegetation plots, randomly distributed on coastal dune cover types. For each patch, the richness of the entire pool of species and of three guilds (i.e., typical dune, ruderal, and alien species) was considered. We compared different levels of human pressure on coastal dunes focusing on pattern metrics and floristic information by using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test. In sites with high human pressure, we have observed a general simplification in the natural dune spatial pattern and a decline of plant richness but with a specific response for each cover type. Alien and ruderal species presented low richness in all patches. In coastal dunes, the harsh ecological conditions and the strong sea–inland gradient shape the distribution of human activities and control the number of ruderal species. The approach effectively describes fragmentation and biodiversity in dune ecosystems.     

Management strategies for sustainable invertebrate fisheries in coastal ecosystems of Galicia (NW Spain)

Artisanal coastal invertebrate fisheries in Galicia are socio-economically important and ecologically relevant. Their management, however, has been based on models of fish population dynamics appropriate for highly mobile demersal or pelagic resources and for industrial fisheries. These management systems focus on regulating fishing effort, but in coastal ecosystems activities that change or destruct key habitats may have a greater effect on population abundance than does fishing mortality. The Golfo Artabro was analysed as a representative example of a coastal ecosystem in Galicia, and the spider crab Maja squinado used as a model of an exploited coastal invertebrate, for which shallow coastal areas are key habitats for juvenile stages. The commercial legal gillnet fishery for the spider crab harvests adults during their reproductive migrations to deep waters and in their wintering habitats. Illegal fisheries operate in shallow waters. The annual rate of exploitation is >90%, and <10% of the primiparous females reproduce effectively at least once. A simple spatially-explicit cohort model was constructed to simulate the population dynamics of spider crab females. Yield- and egg-per-recruit analyses corresponding to different exploitation regimes were performed to compare management policies directed to control the fishing effort or to protect key habitats. It was found that the protection of juvenile habitats could allow increases in yield and reproductive effort higher than in the present system, with such protection based in the control of the fishing effort of the legal fishery. Additionally, there is an urgent need for alternative research and management strategies in artisanal coastal fisheries based on the implementation of a system of territorial use rights for fishers, the integration of the fishers into assessment and management processes, and the protection of key habitats (marine reserves) as a basic tool for the regulation of the fisheries.     

高尔夫球场不同功能区草地优势种蛴螬种群生态位分析

研究了亚热带高尔夫球场不同功能区优势种蛴螬种群空间分布及时间和空间的生态位．结果表明,球场4种优势种草地蛴螬时间生态位宽度几乎均在0．9以上(除果岭Ⅲ区及Ⅳ区个别蛴螬种外),其中短草高地和果岭Ⅰ、Ⅱ区中4种蛴螬时间生态位宽度均最大,长草高地和果岭Ⅳ区的时间生态位宽度则最低．除浅棕鳃金龟垂直空间生态位宽度在球道4区均达0．8以上外,其它种蛴螬在球场各区普遍偏低(0．2～0．7)．在球道和果岭4区中,4种蛴螬种对时间生态位相似性指数均高达0．8以上,垂直空间生态位相似性指数大多数蛴螬种对在0．1～0．6之间,球道以铜绿丽金龟与大绿金龟种对为最高(0．8以上),果岭则是铜绿丽金龟与大绿金龟、华南大黑鳃金龟与浅棕鳃金龟种对为最高(0．8以上)．垂直空间分布上,球道和果岭各区中4种蛴螬主要活动于食源最为丰富的上、中层土壤空间(0～5和5～10cm),少数出现于球道部分区10～15cm土层中活动和取食,4种蛴螬几乎不在果岭10～15cm土层中活动和取食。     

Biological Cycles of Mineral Elements in a Young Mixed Stand in Abandoned Mining Soils

Phytoremediation as a sustainable and inexpensive technology based on the removal of pollutants from the environmentby plants is becoming an increasingly important objective in plant research.In this study,biological cycles of five nutrientelements(N,P,K,Ca,and Mg)and eight heavy metal elements(Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cd,Ni,Pb and Co)were examined in youngpaniculed goldraintree(Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm)and common elaeocarpus(Elaeocarpus decipens)mixed standsin an abandoned mining area.We found that after vegetation restoration in abandoned mining areas,the organic matterand concentrations of nutrient elements were significantly increased and the heavy metal elements were significantlydecreased,the annual retention,uptake and return were 75.0,115.4,and 40.3 kg/hm~2 for nutrient elements,and 1878.0,3231.0 and 1353.0 g/hm~2 for heavy metal elements,respectively,with the utilization coefficient,cycling coefficient andturnover rate of 0.92,0.35 and 0.32 for nutrient elements,and 1.24,0.42 and 1.92 for heavy metal elements,respectively.Our results suggested that the vegetation restoration in abandoned mining areas had significant effects in improvingenvironmental conditions,enhancing soil available nutrients,and ensuring human health.     

Recruitment pattern of Rhus integrifolia populations in periods between fire in chaparral

Population structure, fruit production and dispersal, and recruitment of Rhus integrifolia, a gynodioecious sclerophy llous shrub living in coastal chaparral, were studied in two localities in southern California last burned 60 and 90 years ago. Though hermaphroditic plants produce some fruits, only the male-sterile plants bore significant numbers. Among the sample plants, one individual accounted for 50% of the crop measured. Terrestrial animals, through the loss of some seeds taken for consumption, play a decisive role in the seed dispersal, promoting the establishment of seedlings outside the parent's canopy. Birds have not been demonstrated to contribute to long distance dispersal, but they are responsible for dropping 25% of the fruits collected below the R. integrifolia canopies, 36%) of which were completely destroyed. Allelopathic effects were not observed in laboratory assays, and germination is probably not influenced by the species beneath which seeds have been deposited. This pattern can explain the non-aggregated distribution of individuals observed in the studied populations. We conclude that establishment of new individuals has been continuous at both localities and that the populations of R. integrifolia are increasing in these long unburned stands. This may be indicative of a successional trend in unburned chaparral and coastal scrub toward a sclerophy llous woodland.     

Natural expansion versus translocation in a previously human‐persecuted bird of prey

Many threatened species in Europe have been expanding their distributions during recent decades owing to protection measures that overcome historical human activity that has limited their distributions. Range expansion has come about via two processes, natural expansion from existing range and reintroductions to new ranges. Reintroductions may prove to be a better way to establish populations because individuals are less subject to competitive relationships lowering breeding success than individuals expanding from existing populations. Whether this is true, however, remains uncertain. We compared success of breeding pairs of an expanding and a reintroduced population of spanish imperial eagles monitored for over 15 years in the south of Spain. We found significant differences in productivity between breeding pairs of each population. Newly established territories in reintroduction areas were almost three times more productive than new territories established as individuals expanded out from an existing population. We conclude that among these eagle populations reintroduced to new areas may fare as well or better than individuals expanding out form existing populations.     

秦巴山区养蜂现状及其发展策略

野外调查结果表明 :(1)中华蜜蜂养殖业已在秦巴山区初具规模 ;(2 )饲养中蜂的方法新旧皆有 ,导致其经济效益相差悬殊 ;(3)中蜂活框饲养比旧法饲养增效 6倍以上。发展当地养蜂业的策略是 :(1)大力开展中蜂活框饲养 ;(2 )实行中蜂科学管理。介绍了切合实际的中蜂活框饲养技术。     

Effects of habitat,wave exposure,and marine protected area status on coral reef fish assemblages in the Hawaiian archipelago

The relationships between fish assemblages, their associated habitat, and degree of protection from fishing were evaluated over a broad spatial scale throughout the main Hawaiian islands. Most fish assemblage characteristics showed positive responses to protection whether it was physical (e.g. habitat complexity), biological (e.g. coral cover growth forms), or human-induced (e.g. marine reserves). Fish biomass was lowest in areas of direct wave exposure and highest in areas partially sheltered from swells. Higher values for fish species richness, number of individuals, biomass, and diversity were observed in locations with higher substrate complexity. Areas completely protected from fishing had distinct fish assemblages with higher standing stock and diversity than areas where fishing was permitted or areas that were partially protected from fishing. Locations influenced by customary stewardship harbored fish biomass that was equal to or greater than that of no-take protected areas. Marine protected areas in the main Hawaiian islands with high habitat complexity, moderate wave disturbance, a high percentage of branching and/or lobate coral coupled with legal protection from fishing pressure had higher values for most fish assemblage characteristics.