Natural incidence of Cladosporium spp. as a bio-control agent against whiteflies and aphids in Egypt

Abstract:   Five species of entomopathogenic fungi were tested against whiteflies and aphids. Cladosporium spp. showed a high incidence on the two insect species tested (81% of the total isolated species). However, C. uridenicola was the predominant species isolated from both insect species during the two successive seasons of 1998 and 1999. Natural infection by Cladosporium ranged from 18.19 to 44.38% and 16.4 to 45.27% in 1998 and 1999, respectively, according to insect species and the host plant. Statistical analysis revealed a high correlation ( R  = 0.8759 ± 0.093) between the total investigated and total infected of each insect species during the two successive years of the study. The natural infection of Cladosporium to whitefly life stages was higher on whitefly nymphs (87.8%) than adults (8.08%) and eggs (4.15%) in 1998 and 1999. The results showed that the seasonal distribution of Cladosporium occurred all year around, but rates were higher during the period from June until November which coincided with the high populations of whiteflies and aphids. The weather had a significant effect on infection of insects and had no effect on other fungi species . The laboratory tests showed a higher pathogenicity of the candidate on Aphis gossypii , Aphis craccivora and Bemisia agrentifollii than other reported fungi.     

Salicylic acid is not required for Cf-2- and Cf-9-dependent resistance of tomato to Cladosporium fulvum

Tomato leaves or cotyledons expressing the Cf-2 or Cf-9 Cladosporium fulvum resistance genes induce salicylic acid (SA) synthesis following infiltration with intercellular washing fluid (IF) containing the fungal peptide elicitors Avr2 and Avr9. We investigated whether SA was required for Cf gene-dependent resistance. Tomato plants expressing the bacterial gene nahG, encoding salicylate hydroxylase, did not accumulate SA in response to IF infiltration but remained fully resistant to C. fulvum. NahG Cf0 plants were as susceptible to C. fulvum as wild-type Cf0. Neither free nor conjugated salicylic acid accumulated in IF-infiltrated Cf2 and Cf9 NahG leaves and cotyledons but conjugated catechol did accumulate. The Cf-9-dependent necrotic response to IF was prevented in NahG plants and replaced by a chlorotic Cf-2-like response. SA also potentiated Cf-9-mediated necrosis in IF-infiltrated wild-type leaves. In contrast, the Cf-2-dependent IF response was retained in NahG leaves and chlorosis was more pronounced than in the wild-type. The distribution of cell death between different cell types was altered in both Cf2 and Cf9 NahG leaves after IF injection. IF-induced accumulation of three SA-inducible defence-related genes was delayed and reduced but not abolished in NahG Cf2 and Cf9 leaves and cotyledons. NahG Tm-22 tomato showed increased hypersensitive response (HR) lesion size upon TMV infection, as observed in TMV-inoculated N gene-containing NahG tobacco plants.     

中国枝孢属研究XXVI.

本文报道枝孢属Cladosporium 的二个新种: 忍冬生枝孢C. lonicericola和山菅兰生枝孢C. dianellicola。新种提供了拉丁文简介、中文描述及形态图。模式标本收藏于云南农业大学真菌标本室(MHYAU)。     

中国枝孢属研究Ⅶ．

枝孢属CladosporiumLink：Fries一新种：贯众枝孢C.cyrtomiiZ．Y.ZhangH.H．PengetHZhangsp．nov．和一个新记录种：苏铁枝孢C．cycadisMareolongo,茄生枝孢C.solanicolaViegas。新种提供了拉丁文和中文描述及形态图。模式标本收藏于云南农业大学真菌标本室（MHYAU）。     

Fuel-soluble biocides for control ofCladosporium resinae in hydrocarbon fuels

Summary Five fuel-soluble biocides — a benzimidazole fungicide, an organoboron, a pyridinethione and two isothiazolone products — were evaluated for inhibition of a typical hydrocarbon fuel contaminant,Cladosporium resinae, in fuel/water systems. The biocides exhibited marked differences in anti-fungal activity with storage and in the presence of sludge. A methylchloro/methyl-isothiazolone mixture prevented growth of the fungus at a concentration of one part per million and, in contrast to other biocides tested, showed no tendency to be inactivated by storage or the presence of sludge.     

Effect of root exudates on the spore germiantion of rhizosphere and rhizoplane mycoflora of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars

Summary From root exudates of three cultivars of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) 12 amino acids and 7 sugars were detected. Methionine, d-1- phenylalanine, citrulline and d-xylose were detected only from the root exudates of resdistant cultivars. The root exudates of resistant variety inhibited spore germination of the pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.capsici), but that of susceptible variety enhanced spore germiantion of the same. Spore germiantion of antagonistic fungi (Trichderma viride andAspergillus sydowi) was also influenced by the root exudates of resistant and susceptible varieties, but the influence was different.Spore germiantion of a number of rhizosphere fungi was studied and in general root exudate of susceptible cultivar enhanced spore germiantion of majority of fungi, but spore germination of antagonistic fungi against the pathogen was inhibited. However, root exudate of resistant cultivar stimulated spore germination of antagonistic fungi.     

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis reveals chromosome length differences between strains of Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Fulvia fulva)

Summary Methods are described for the electrophoretic separation of chromosome-sized DNA molecules from the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Fulvia fulva). Using a hexagonal electrode array and switching times of 75 min at 45 V for 14 days, nine bands could be resolved. By comparison with co-electrophoresed Aspergillus nidulans chromosomal DNA (which was resolved into seven bands), the sizes of the C. fulvum bands are estimated to be between 1.9 Mb and 5.4 Mb. The two largest bands are believed to be doublets, giving a minimum genome size of 44 Mb. Cloned probes for the ribosomal DNA repeat, an anonymous single copy fragment and a newly discovered retrotransposon were hybridized to blots of the pulsed field gels, demonstrating the use of this technique for genomic mapping. Most strains of C. fulvum had an identical pattern of bands. Two strains exhibited two polymorphisms which could be due to a translocation.     

Apparent degradation of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) by a Cladosporium sp.

Cladosporium sp. strain AJR³18,501 was isolated from DDT-contaminated soil by its ability to decolourise the polymeric dye, Poly R-478. When inoculated into potato/dextrose broth containing 100 mg of DDT l^–1, a 21% decrease in DDT concentration was observed 12 days after its addition, however, no transformation products were detected by gas chromatography. TLC of culture medium and mycelia extracts revealed 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane and five unknown transformation products associated with the mycelia.     

鸡舍空气真菌浓度及多样性研究

采用6级Andersen生物空气采样器和常用真菌计数培养基,对鸡舍空气真菌的浓度和多样性进行了研究。空气样本经培养、计数和纯化共鉴定出78种真菌,以有丝分裂孢子真菌为主,优势真菌类群为Cladosporium,Penicillium,Aspergillus,Candida,Alternaria及Fusarium等,其中包括A.flavus,A.fumigatus,A.niger及F.sporotrichioides等在内的10余种禽类病原真菌。鸡舍内空气真菌的平均浓度为2.3×103CFU/m3。A.flavus,A.fumigatus及A.niger在鸡舍空气中的浓度相对较高。鸡舍空气真菌呈对数正态分布,Cladosporium,Penicillium及Aspergillus主要分布在C和D级(3.0~6.0μm),A和B级(>6.0μm)及E和F级(<3.0μm)相对较少。此外,还分离到出现频率较低但对公众健康构成潜在危害的病原真菌,如Candida albicans,Histoplasma capsulatum,Cryptococcus neoformans及Coccidioides immitis等。