成年沙田柚树试管嫁接及微繁殖的研究

分别以两类沙田柚侧芽为接穗、酸柚为砧木进行了试管嫁接,结果表明:不同嫁接方式、接穗大小以及不同激素处理均直接影响到试管嫁接成活率.对大田侧芽而言,接穗大小以茎尖为宜,1.0mg/LGA3或0.5mg/L6-BA处理效果较佳,嫁接成活率分别达50%和30%;对侧枝沙培萌发的侧芽而言,接穗大小以茎尖 1个节间为宜,2.0mg/LGA3或0.5mg/L6-BA处理效果较佳,嫁接成活率分别达90%和80%.在相同条件下,后者的嫁接成活率一般明显高于前者.两种沙田柚嫁接苗的试管微繁殖没有明显区别,在MS 6-BA0.1mg/L培养基上均可分化不定芽,继代的嫁接成活率可达90%以上.     

沙田柚不同外植体离体培养与植株再生的研究

利用组织培养进行柑桔良种的快速繁殖可以克服常规方法费时的缺点 ,为进一步进行无病原体苗木繁育、诱变育种及遗传转化创造有利条件。目前我国开展此项工作较为广泛 ,已先后在红江橙 [1 ]、柠檬 [2 ]、金柑 [3]、甜橙 [4]及蕉柑 [5]等柑桔类中建立了组织培养的再生体系 ,但在柚类中相关的研究较少。笔者以沙田柚为材料 ,在离体培养条件下 ,成功诱导上下胚轴、根段及子叶的不定芽形成和植株再生。1 　材料与方法1 .1 　植物材料沙田柚种子 ( Citrus grandis Osbeck cv.Shatian Yu)经表面消毒后黑暗培养无菌苗 ,当苗长至 2 0 d左右时 ,将上…     

不同氮源下生长的柚树叶片光合参数对高浓度CO2驯化作用的比较

比较研究了在不同形式氮源下生长柚树叶片光合对高浓度 CO2 驯化过程中有关参数变化。植株生长在人工混成土壤中 ,分别浇灌含有 2 mmol L- 1N的 NO- 3 - N,NH+ 4 - N和 NH4 NO3- N溶液。空气 CO2 增高处理时向生长植株的开顶透明罩中通入 74.4Pa CO2 ,以空气 CO2 生长的植株为对照。利用 CI- 30 1 ( CID,Inc) CO2 气体交换系统测定叶片光合速率和通过光合作用相关响应曲线计算光合参数。结果表明 ,在 CO2分压倍增下 ,NO- 3 - N生长植株光饱和光合速率较大气 CO2 分压下的高。而生长在 NH+ 4 - N和 NH4 NO3- N的植株光合速率与大气 CO2 分压下的相近 ,表现对高 CO2 的驯化。在空气 CO2 倍增下无论供给何种形式氮源并不影响Γ* ,但可增高 Rd( P<0 .0 5 )。 CO2 分压倍增下供给 NO- 3 - N植株的 Vcmax和 Jmax较大气分压相应的植株高 ,而 NH+ 4 - N和 NH4 NO3- N植株则与大气 CO2分压的相应植株相似 ( P>0 .0 5 )。无论供给何种形式氮源 ,生长在空气 CO2 分压倍增下不改变叶片单位面积干重 ,叶绿素含量和叶片中氮在 Rubisco、生物能学组分和捕光色素复合体组分的分配系数 ;但能改变叶片中氮含量。植物对高 CO2 的驯化可能受到不同形式氮利用性的影响 ,在对高 CO2 驯化过程亦反映叶片中氮在不同光合功能组分     

橘皮表面真菌群落结构多样性分析

【目的】研究鲜橘皮表面真菌群落结构多样性,为探讨橘皮经贮藏陈化为陈皮真菌群落的变化奠定基础。【方法】在广东、四川、广西、江西、重庆5个柑橘主产地采集橘栽培变种茶枝柑、大红袍等的鲜橘皮,在Illumina Hi Seq平台上扩增橘皮表面真菌ITS区进行高通量测序,分析真菌物种注释及丰富度,并应用α与β多样性分析(AlphaBeta diversity)对真菌群落结构组成进行分析。【结果】8批橘皮样品的有效序列可分类至35个属,不同产地茶枝柑、大红袍等品种橘皮表面真菌群落由7类真菌群落组成,种类一致,其中担孢酵母属(Erythrobasidium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、红酵母属(Rhodotorula)、球腔菌属(Mycosphaerella)为最大相对丰度排名前5的属,首次在橘皮表面发现枝氯霉属和短梗霉属真菌。【结论】明确了橘皮表面真菌群落结构组成,为橘皮在贮藏过程中真菌群落变化与药材品质变化相关性研究奠定基础。     

Characteristic Odor Components of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Ponkan) Cold-pressed Oil

Citrus reticulata Blanco (ponkan) cold-pressed oil and its oxygenated fraction were studied by analytical (GC and GC/MS) and sensory analyses. The monoterpene group was predominant, accounting for more than 89.6% (w/w), of which limonene was the most abundant (80.3%). Among the oxygenated compounds, octanal and decanal were the major ones among 12 aldehydes accounting for >1.5%; six alcohols were identified with a total concentration of >0.7%, while oxides, ketones and esters did not quantitatively or qualitatively contribute to the oil. Sniffing the ponkan cold-pressed oil and its oxygenated fraction demonstrated that octanal and decanal were the characteristic odor components of ponkan. Reconstruction of the ponkan aroma model and its sensory evaluation by a hedonic test were performed, showing that, in addition to octanal and decanal which played important roles, (R)-(+)-limonene contributed to the aroma model as a background component, making the aroma model very similar to that of the original.     

The effects of Kloeckera apiculata on the cuticular waxes of navel orange fruit

Kloeckera apiculata 34-9 was selected from the rhizosphere soil for its high efficacy in controlling citrus green and blue mold. In this study, the effect of the antagonistic yeast K. apiculata on citrus cuticular wax was investigated in ripening Newhall navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Our results show that K. apiculata triggers the production of cuticular waxes and surface wax morphology changes in the fruit surface. 15 K. apiculata-responsive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified for wax metabolism by using the Affymetrix citrus genome GeneChip. Using GC–MS, 46 wax compounds were found in the Newhall fruit surface. On one hand, esters including docosanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester and 9-hexadecenoic acid, 9-octadecenyl ester were up-regulated approximately twofold in the treatment condition compared with the control; and on the other hand, the fatty acids and fatty alcohols decreased by 74.4% and 72.3%, respectively, in the treatment condition. The new wax production and increased hydrophobicity of the Newhall surface resulting from the treatment may influence spore adhesion and germination. Furthermore, the response of the fruit waxes to the K. apiculata stimulus is likely to be regulated by intra-cellular H₂O₂ signaling. This study demonstrated the response fruit waxes to K. apiculata in Newhall navel oranges, thus providing new clues that aid our understanding of the mechanisms of action of antagonistic yeasts in postharvest fruits.     

Effects of limonene and essential oil from Citrus aurantium on gastric mucosa: Role of prostaglandins and gastric mucus secretion

Essential oil from Citrus aurantium and the monoterpene limonene are widely used flavoring agents that are found in some common food items. This specie is also used medicinally throughout the world to treat gastritis and gastric disorders. Therefore, biological assays were performed in vivo on essential oil of C. aurantium (OEC) and its majority compound limonene (LIM) to evaluate their effect on gastric mucosa. The OEC (250 mg/kg, p.o.) and LIM (245 mg/kg, p.o.) provided effective (99%) gastroprotection against lesions induced by absolute ethanol and NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) in rats. OEC and LIM do not interfere with gastric H⁺ secretion, serum gastrin or glutathione (GSH) level in gastric mucosa. But the gastroprotective action of OEC and LIM occurs due to an increase in the gastric mucus production induced by conserving the basal PGE₂ levels after challenge by agents harmful to the gastric mucosa. Given that LIM and OEC are excellent flavoring agents and also present gastroprotective actions, they can be regarded as a promising target for the development of a new drug for the prevention of gastric damage.     

Effects of soil phosphorus and Glomus intraradices on growth,nonstructural carbohydrates,and photosynthetic activity of Citrus aurantium

Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) grown in low-P (9–12 ppm) and high-P (420 ppm) soil inoculated with or without Glomus intraradices (G.i.), were evaluated for biomass, carbohydrates, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity, leaf ¹⁴CO₂ incorporation, and other physiological parameters. Growth of plants in the low-P, noninoculated soil was lowest, with total dry biomass reduced up to half of the low-P, inoculum treatment. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were 40% lower in leaves of plants in the low-P, noninoculated soil, compared with the other treatments. Inoculation of the low-P soil enhanced leaf ¹⁴CO₂ incorporation by 67%, total chlorophyll content by 28%, and RuBPCase activity by 42%, compared with low-P, noninoculated treatment. Improved P-use efficiency by G.i. in low-P soil was comparable to high-P nutrition in improving leaf ¹⁴CO₂ incorporation and concentration of major leaf photosynthetic products that include starch and sucrose. Leaf PEPCase activity in the low-P, noninoculated treatment, however, was at least threefold higher than the other treatments, suggesting a possible alteration in organic acid metabolism in sour orange leaves as a result of P deficiency.     

Nucleotide sequence of Citrus limon 26S rRNA gene and secondary structure model of its RNA

The complete nucleotide sequence of Citrus limon 26S rDNA has been determined. The sequence has been aligned with large ribosomal RNA (L-rRNA) sequences of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oryza sativa. Nine extensive expansion segments in dicot 26S rRNA relative to E. coli 23S rRNA have been identified and compared with analogous segments of monocot, yeast, amphibian and human L-rRNAs. A secondary structure model for lemon 26S rRNA has been derived based on the refined model of E. coli 23S rRNA. It has been compared with other eukaryotic L-rRNAs models in terms of location of functionally important regions. Origin and evolution of L-rRNA expansion segments are discussed.     

Plant pathotoxins from Alternaria citri: The major toxin specific for rough lemon plants

A pathotype of the fungus Alternaria citri that attacks rough lemon plants produces several toxins in culture which specifically damage rough lemon and Rangpur lime plants. The major toxin produced, Toxin I, was by far the most potent compound (ED₅₀ = 30 ng/ml). Five other minor toxins were active at ED₅₀ levels greater than 1 μg/ml. On the basis of mass, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra and decoupling studies of Toxin I and derivative, Toxin I is a 19 carbon polyalcohol with an α-dihydropyrone ring. The γ-dihydropyrone tautomer was less predominant. Culture filtrates of A. citri also contained a biologically inactive, partially analogous, component possessing a tetrahydropyran ring. It probably arises from decarboxylation of Toxin I. Toxin I was highly specific and did not affect nonhost plants at 10 000 times the concentrations affecting rough lemon.