利用虫生真菌生物防治柑橘木虱的研究进展

柑橘木虱是柑橘黄龙病的重要传播虫媒。目前对柑橘黄龙病的防治尚缺有效的药剂和抗病品种,加强对柑橘木虱的防治,对控制柑橘黄龙病的蔓延具有重要意义。目前防治柑橘木虱多采用化学防治,杀虫剂的频繁使用造成了农药残留、环境污染、生物多样性被破坏和害虫产生抗药性等诸多问题,生物防治以其高效、低毒、低残留、不易产生抗药性等优点逐渐受到重视。昆虫病原真菌能侵入昆虫寄主体内,导致昆虫发病死亡,具有良好的病害流行潜力及生产应用便利性,利用昆虫病原真菌防治柑橘木虱具有广阔的发展空间。本文总结了用于柑橘木虱生物防治的虫生真菌种类,重点介绍了国内外利用球孢白僵菌、玫烟色棒束孢、淡紫紫孢菌、宛氏拟青霉、蜡蚧菌等虫生真菌在防治柑橘木虱中的应用,并对虫生真菌防治柑橘木虱的发展前景进行了展望,以期为柑橘黄龙病的防控提供借鉴。     

柑桔近缘植物酯酶同工酶的研究

本文用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了柑桔近缘植物14个种群的种子及幼苗的酯酶同工酶,根据酶谱及扫描图的异同,分析了彼此的亲缘关系,试验结果表明,柑桔近缘植物种属间的酯酶同工酶的酶带数目,酶活性,迁移率及酶谱扫描均有不同程度的差异,同一品种不同发育时期的同工酶也具有不同表现形式,特别是柑桔种子的酯酶同工酶谱一般较稳定,可以作为柑桔亲缘关系的生化遗传指标。     

两种大吴风草的耐荫特性研究

本文通过田间试验和叶绿素分析对上海地区两个品种大吴风草的耐荫性进行初步研究,结果表明大吴风草是喜半荫,耐荫的植物。大吴风草在遮光率达86.4%环境中生长良好,因此在完全郁闭度的树林或灌木丛下作地被具有良好的景观效果。     

Enzymatic Process Enhances the Flavour Profile and Increases the Proportion of Esters in Citrus Essential Oils

Citrus essential oils (CEOs) are important flavors in the food and confectionary industries. A lipase process was proposed for enhancing the flavor profiles and increasing the proportions of esters in CEOs. The effects of the enzymatic process were explored by detecting the constituents of the CEOs of American sweet orange oil (ASO) and Brazil mandarin oil (BMO) through GC/MS and sensory evaluation by a trained panel, and positive effects were confirmed by both methods. A further eleven kinds of CEOs were treated via the lipase process and increments of 10 – 1170% were achieved in the proportions of esters, which were mostly ethyl esters. Enhancement in fruity odor, especially the top note, was demonstrated by all CEOs after enzymatic processing. All CEOs were tested for antimicrobial activities, and only ASO displayed fairly ideal antimicrobial activities. Meanwhile, modified ASO showed a certain increase in antimicrobial activities. This methodology might be considered a sustainable route for acquiring ‘natural’ essential oils with enhanced flavor profiles and simultaneously enhancing the comprehensive utilization of citrus fruits.     

Anti‐inflammatory properties of lemon‐derived extracellular vesicles are achieved through the inhibition of ERK/NF‐κB signalling pathways

Chronic inflammation is associated with the occurrence of several diseases. However, the side effects of anti‐inflammatory drugs prompt the identification of new therapeutic strategies. Plant‐derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are gaining increasing interest in the scientific community for their biological properties. We isolated PDEVs from the juice of Citrus limon L. (LEVs) and characterized their flavonoid, limonoid and lipid contents through reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (RP‐HPLC–ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS). To investigate whether LEVs have a protective role on the inflammatory process, murine and primary human macrophages were pre‐treated with LEVs for 24 h and then were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that pre‐treatment with LEVs decreased gene and protein expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐6, IL1‐β and TNF‐α, and reduced the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of NF‐κB in LPS‐stimulated murine macrophages. The inhibition of NF‐κB activation was associated with the reduction in ERK1‐2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the ability of LEVs to decrease pro‐inflammatory cytokines and increase anti‐inflammatory molecules was confirmed ex vivo in human primary T lymphocytes. In conclusion, we demonstrated that LEVs exert anti‐inflammatory effects both in vitro and ex vivo by inhibiting the ERK1‐2/NF‐κB signalling pathway.     

珍稀水生植物——宽叶泽苔草的核型研究

宽叶泽苔草（Caldesia granis Samuel）。是一种珍稀濒危水生植物。它曾经一度被认为已经从中国大陆灭绝,但最近又在湖南省的一个高山沼泽中被发现。本文首次报道了依据上述新发现地点的宽叶泽苔草材料进行的细胞学研究结果。核型分析结果表明：本种染色体数目为22,其染色体组型高度不对称。结合前人对宽叶泽苔草一些近缘种的细胞学及古生物学研究结果,作者认为泽苔草属植物很可能是泽泻科中最进化的一个属。     

橘皮表面真菌群落结构多样性分析

【目的】研究鲜橘皮表面真菌群落结构多样性,为探讨橘皮经贮藏陈化为陈皮真菌群落的变化奠定基础。【方法】在广东、四川、广西、江西、重庆5个柑橘主产地采集橘栽培变种茶枝柑、大红袍等的鲜橘皮,在Illumina Hi Seq平台上扩增橘皮表面真菌ITS区进行高通量测序,分析真菌物种注释及丰富度,并应用α与β多样性分析(AlphaBeta diversity)对真菌群落结构组成进行分析。【结果】8批橘皮样品的有效序列可分类至35个属,不同产地茶枝柑、大红袍等品种橘皮表面真菌群落由7类真菌群落组成,种类一致,其中担孢酵母属(Erythrobasidium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、红酵母属(Rhodotorula)、球腔菌属(Mycosphaerella)为最大相对丰度排名前5的属,首次在橘皮表面发现枝氯霉属和短梗霉属真菌。【结论】明确了橘皮表面真菌群落结构组成,为橘皮在贮藏过程中真菌群落变化与药材品质变化相关性研究奠定基础。     

Effects of Citrus unshiu Powder on the Cytokine Balance in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis to Pollen

We evaluated the effects of a 50% methanol extract of Citrus unshiu powder (MEC) on cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis to cedar pollen. The levels of cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-13, and GM-CSF, produced by pollen-stimulated PBMC were measured. We found that MEC suppressed pollen-induced TNF-α release and increased IFN-γ release from PBMCs. The results suggest that Citrus unshiu powder has an immunomodulatory effect in vitro and that its use could improve seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms.     

Nicotiana tabacum actin-depolymerizing factor 2 is involved in actin-driven,auxin-dependent patterning

Polar transport of auxin has been identified as a central element of pattern formation. To address the underlying cellular mechanisms, we use the tobacco cell line (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2; BY-2) as model. We showed previously that cell divisions within a cell file are synchronized by polar auxin flow, linked to the organization of actin filaments (AF) which, in turn, is modified via actin-binding proteins (ABPs). From a preparatory study for disturbed division synchrony in cell lines overexpressing different ABPs, we identified the actin depolymerizing factor 2 (ADF2). A cell line overexpressing GFP-NtADF2 was specifically affected in division synchrony. The cell division pattern could be rescued by addition of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂) or by phalloidin. These observations allow to draw first conclusions on the pathway linking auxin signalling via actin reorganization to synchronized cell division placing the regulation of cortical actin turnover by ADF2 into the focus.