猴樟的研究进展

猴樟是我国特有的优良材用、油用和观赏树种。笔者从形态解剖学、生态学、栽培与繁育、造林技术、抗逆性、精油的提取与化学成分分析、病虫害防治等方面对猴樟的研究进展进行综述,以期为猴樟的开发利用提供参考。     

Production of Nucleic Acid-Related Substances by Fermentative Processes

1. Suitable agar plate media were selected for isolation of nucleotide producing strains, by salvage synthesis, from natural sources. Since this agar medium contains a high concentration of phosphates, manganese and glucose, it is specific for these bacteria.

2. With this plate medium, 113 bacterial strains accumulating 5′inosinic acid (IMP) or IMP-like substances were isolated effectively from feces of a variety of birds and mammals and from soils.

Some of the strains isolated were recognized to accumulate other nucleotides, purine bases and sugars, such as guanine nucleotides, XMP, xanthine, ribulose or xylnlose, with or without hypoxanthine in the media.

3. Five strains of IMP accumulating bacteria were identified; two were classified as Brevibacteriurm, two as Corynebacterium and one as Arthrobacterium species by taxonomical studies. But their characteristics did not completely coincide with those of bacteria described in Bergey’s manual.

4. One of the IMP producing bacteria isolated, culture No. 21–26, actually consisted of two separate strains, namely No. 21–26–101 and No. 21–26–102. The highest production of IMP or guanine nucleotides was obtained, when each strain was inoculated together to the fermentation medium from each seed culture in the same inoculum size.

5. The nucleotide productions by No. 21–26–101 or No. 21–26–102 with authentic strains were examined by the mixed culture technique. It was found that production of IMP or guanine nucleotides by Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6871 was stimulated remarkably in the presence of No. 21–26–102.     

马尾松-肉桂人工复层林生物量及生产力研究

应用相对生长法和样方收获法研究了广西岑溪市马尾松不同光环境处理下营造的马尾松-肉桂人工复层林的生物量及生产力.结果显示:(1)不同处理中,枯落物层生物量随林分郁闭度的增加而增加,灌木层、草本层生物量则随着林分郁闭度的增加而减少;马尾松-肉桂人工复层林模式下林分的生物量、生产力以及群落总生物量远大于马尾松单层林.(2)不同处理的马尾松-肉桂人工复层林林分净生产量均大于马尾松单层林,且上层林马尾松郁闭度在0.5～0.7条件下与肉桂形成的复层林更有利于提高环境资源的获取能力,其中以马尾松林分郁闭度为0.5、密度781株/hm2以及肉桂密度5 952株/hm2的人工复层林模式的成层性最明显,群落生物量、乔木层生物量、净生产力水平最高,分别达167.64 t/hm2、160.549 t/hm2、9.146 t/(hm2·a),且分别高于马尾松单层林14.9％、18.5％、68.7％,是经济效益和生态效益最理想的复合林模式.研究表明,光环境处理对群落生物量空间分布有显著影响,对林分各器官生物量的分配有较大影响,复层林能提高乔木层生物量在总群落生物量中的分配.人工复层混交林比单层林更有利于提高获取环境资源的能力并增加林分的稳定性.     

南京中山植物园鸟类对香樟 果实（种子）的取食

香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)是亚热带地区广泛分布的常绿阔叶树种,其果实数量多、果期长,可为鸟类提供大量食物资源。2018年11月至2019年2月,借助Safari 10×26变焦双筒望远镜,采用焦点扫描法对南京中山植物园内访问香樟果实(种子)的鸟类行为进行观察,详细记录鸟类的种类、取食基质、取食次数、取食时间、取食数量和取食方式等信息。研究期间有效记录达48d,累计记录到27种鸟类1021次取食香樟果实(种子)行为,存在2种取食基质(地面和树上)和3种取食方式(整吞果实、啄食果肉和取食种子)。T检验显示,不同鸟类对香樟果实(种子)的取食次数存在显著差异(t=3.096,df=26,P 0.01);不同月份间鸟类对香樟香樟果实(种子)的平均访问只数、平均取食次数、平均取食时间和取食数量均存在极显著差异(P0.001)。白头鹎(Pycnonotussinensis)、乌鸫(Turdusmendarinus)和灰喜鹊(Cyanopicacyanus)是访问次数及取食量最多的3种鸟类。单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)表明,上述这3种鸟类的取食数量存在极显著差异(F3, 598=25.219,P 0.001)。按照时间统计,11月份访问的鸟类种类和数量最多,1月份鸟类的取食次数、时间和数量最多。鸟类的形态特征(体重、体长和嘴峰长)与取食数量呈显著正相关,其中,体重和体长对取食数量的影响比嘴峰长的影响更显著,但嘴峰长影响鸟类对果实的取食方式。在鸟类常活动和停歇的树木下方地面往往散落着较多表面洁净、无果肉包裹的香樟种子,且园内人工林和自然更新林地可见许多香樟幼苗,表明鸟类对香樟具有潜在传播作用。     

二氧化氮对樟树幼苗生长及光合作用的影响

采用开顶式人工熏气装置,对1年生樟树幼苗进行了为期2个月不同体积分数NO₂(0.1、0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1)熏气试验,研究其对幼苗生长及光合作用的影响.结果表明:0.5和0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理促进了樟树幼苗生长,而4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理则抑制其生长.各处理樟树幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_n)日变化呈不对称的双峰型曲线,存在光合“午休”现象;在光合日进程中,0.5 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理使叶片P_n提高,最大值达8.542 μmol CO₂·m^-2s^-1,4.0 μl·L^-1NO₂处理的大多数时段使P_n降低,而0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理对P_n的影响则依时段而不同;0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理提高了叶片气孔导度(G_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)的最大值和最小值,0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理提高了C_i的最大值和最小值,降低了G_s的最大值和最小值.熏气处理中、后期,0.5μl·L^-1 NO₂处理叶片的日均净光合速率显著高于其他处理.在熏气处理前期,0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理使叶片最大PSⅡ的光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)显著下降;在熏气处理后期,4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理的叶片F_v/F_m仍显著低于对照.     

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor-binding antagonist activity of Malaysian medicinal plants

Forty-nine methanol extracts of 37 species of Malaysian medicinal plants were investigated for their inhibitory effects on platelet-activating factor (PAF) binding to rabbit platelets, using 3H-PAF as a ligand. Among them, the extracts of six Zingiberaceae species (Alpinia galanga Swartz., Boesenbergia pandurata Roxb., Curcuma ochorrhiza Val., C. aeruginosa Roxb., Zingiber officinale Rosc. and Z. zerumbet Koenig.), two Cinnamomum species (C. altissimum Kosterm. and C. pubescens Kochummen.), Goniothalamus malayanus Hook. f. Momordica charantia Linn. and Piper aduncum L. are potential sources of new PAF antagonists, as they showed significant inhibitory effects with IC50 values ranging from 1.2 to 18.4 microg ml(-1).     

Aggregated seed dispersal by wreathed hornbills at a roost site in a moist evergreen forest of Thailand

Hornbills (Bucerotidae) are widely regarded as important seed dispersers in tropical forests in Africa and Asia. We investigated how the roosting behavior of wreathed hornbills (Aceros undulatus) influences seed deposition and seedling survival at a roost site in a moist evergreen forest of Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Fallen fruits and seeds were collected in traps that were placed around a roosting site for 14 months, and seedlings were monitored in adjacent quadrats for 3 years. Seedfall and seedlings of species represented in the hornbill diet occurred at significantly higher densities in the traps and quadrats located beneath the crown of the roosting tree than in those located beyond the crown. With the exception of Cinnamomum subavenium, the seeds and seedlings of most diet species rarely survived beyond the first year. The quality of hornbill dispersal to this roosting site may be poor due to the highly concentrated seedfall, which results in high seed and seedling mortality. However, the number of seeds deposited by each hornbill each day at roosting sites is relatively low. Wreathed hornbills are primarily scatter dispersers during the day and probably serve as agents of seed dispersal in the moist evergreen forest of Khao Yai.     

不同栽培技术对芳香樟穗条产量的影响

为营建芳香樟高产采穗圃,提供优质穗条,对采穗圃采取截干、施肥试验,分析不同栽培技术对穗条产量和质量的影响。结果表明,截干高度以低台式修剪的穗条产量最高,且穗条短粗,质量较好,而中柱式效果次之,高柱式效果最差;截干时间以7月或3月初效果较好,5月中旬最差;施肥时间以3月和8月各施肥1次效果最佳。     

锡兰肉桂的化学成分

从锡兰肉桂中分离获得 7个化合物 ,经光谱测定 ,鉴定了其化学结构分别为 :丁香酚 (1) ,大豆脑苷Ⅰ (2 ) ,大豆脑苷Ⅱ (3) ,GingerglycolipidB(4) ,GingerglycolipidC (5 ) ,1 O Hexadecan oyl 2 O (9Z ,12Z octadecadienoly) 3 O [α D galactopyranosyl (1″ 6′) O β D galac topyranosyl]g lycerol(6 ) ,(2S) 1 O (9Z ,12Z octadecadienoly) 3 O β D galactopyranosylgl ycerol(7)。均具有不同程度的抗PAF活性。     

广东肉桂内生真菌多样性及其抗肉桂枝枯病菌初步研究

本研究从广东省罗定市20年生和1年生肉桂的叶、枝、根和皮等不同器官共分离得到90株内生真菌,通过菌落特征、显微观察和ITS序列分析鉴定为2门3纲10目14科22属,其中拟盘多毛孢属Pestalotiopsis、黑孢霉属Nigrospora和间座壳属Diaporthe为优势属;肉桂内生真菌的分布存在明显的组织特异性和偏好...