Micropropagation of camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora)

Multiple shoots were induced from shoot tips and nodal segments of a 12-year-old tree of Cinnamomum camphora on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with BA and kinetin. The nodal segments from the in vitro developed plantlets could be induced again to produce a large number of harvestable shoots. Harvested shoots were rooted in vitro in WPM supplemented with activated charcoal (AC) and IBA. The plantlets were transferred to thermocol cups after which they were replanted into polybags and then to field. These plants survived with over 90% success under field conditions and exhibited vigorous growth. This system could be utilized for large-scale multiplication of C. camphora by tissue culture.     

铝胁迫对接种丛枝菌根真菌樟树幼苗光合作用的影响

在实验室条件下用低(0.5 mmol·L-1)、中(8 mmol·L-1)、高(15 mmol·L-1)浓度Al3 溶液胁迫接种和未接种丛枝菌根(AM)的樟树幼苗,10周后测定植株叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn),气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Ls).结果表明:未接种和接种樟树幼苗叶片叶绿素含量在低浓度Al3 胁迫时与相应对照无显著差异,而在中、高浓度Al3 胁迫下均显著低于相应对照,并均随Al3 浓度增加而逐渐下降;接种植株的叶绿素含量在对照和中、低浓度Al3 胁迫下均高于相应未接种植株,而在高浓度Al3 胁迫下显著低于未接种植株.未接种和接种樟树幼苗叶片Pn在低浓度Al3 胁迫时均显著高于对照(P<0.05),在中、高浓度时均显著低于对照,且在Al3 浓度间差异显著;末接种和接种樟树幼苗叶片Ci均随Al3 胁迫浓度增加逐渐提高,而其余参数则逐渐下降;在同一Al3 浓度处理下,接种和未接种植株的叶片光合参数均无显著差异.研究发现,中、高浓度Al3 胁迫能显著降低樟树幼苗的净光合速率,且光合机构活性降低是主要原因;接种AM真菌能显著增加中、低浓度Al3 胁迫樟树幼苗的叶片叶绿素含量,但不能显著减轻中、高浓度Al3 胁迫对樟树幼苗光合速率的抑制作用.     

贝尔特孢属一新种

报道生于蜈蚣草Eremochloae ciliaris、阴香Cinnamomum burmannii和玉兰Magnolia denudata枯叶上的一贝尔特孢属Beltranellia新种:蜈蚣草贝尔特孢Beltrania eremochloae。新种的模式标本保藏于山东农业大学植物病理标本室(HSAUP)。     

城市绿化树种香樟不同器官对土壤重金属的富集特征

为了了解不同土壤重金属浓度梯度及污染梯度下香樟不同器官的富集特征,测定了香樟树叶、树枝、树干和根际土壤中6种重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni)的含量.结果表明: 香樟地上部分重金属含量因器官、元素种类、根际土壤重金属浓度的不同而存在差异.香樟树叶和树枝重金属含量的大小顺序均为:Mn＞Zn＞Cu＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni,树干重金属含量为:Mn＞Zn＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni＞Cu.树叶对Mn的富集系数较高,为2.409;树干对Ni的富集系数较高,分别为树叶、树枝的8.6和17倍,且在不同土壤重金属浓度梯度下,香樟树干对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni的富集系数均明显高于其他器官.香樟地上部分器官对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni 6种重金属元素的综合富集能力大小顺序为:树叶＞树干＞树枝.随着土壤重金属污染等级的增加,香樟地上部分各器官的富集系数均逐渐降低.研究区域平均胸径为22 cm的单株香樟对重金属元素富集效能的大小顺序为:树叶＞树干＞树枝,其中树干对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni的积累量均显著高于树叶和树枝.表明香樟对6种重金属元素均有一定的富集能力,并且树干对Pb和Ni的富集效能明显,分别占地上部分总积累量的82.7%和91.9%,能很好地富集并稳固土壤中的Pb和Ni,可作为修复治理土壤重金属污染的备选树种.     

Plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from embryogenic suspension cultured cells of Cinnamomum camphora L.

An efficient and reproducible protocol is described for the regeneration of Cinnamomum camphora protoplasts isolated from cultured embryogenic suspension cells. Maximum protoplast yield (13.1±2.1×10⁶/g FW) and viability (91.8±3.8%) were achieved using a mixture of 3% (w/v) cellulase Onozuka R10 and 3% (w/v) macerozyme Onozuka R10 in 12.7% (w/v) mannitol solution containing 0.12% (w/v) MES, 0.36% (w/v) CaCl₂·2H₂O, and 0.011% (w/v) NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O. First divisions occurred 7–10 days following culture initiation. The highest division frequency (24.6±2.9%) and plating efficiency (6.88±0.8%) were obtained in liquid medium (MS) supplemented with 30 g l^–1 sucrose, 0.7M glucose, 0.1 mg l^–1 NAA, 1.0 mg l^–1 BA, and 1.0 mg l^–1 GA₃. After somatic embryo induction and then shoot induction, the protoplast-derived embryos produced plantlets at an efficiency of 17.5%. Somatic embryos developed into well-rooted plants on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l^–1 3-indole butyric acid (IBA). Regenerated plants that transferred to soil have normal morphology.     

芳樟无性系叶精油及芳樟醇含量变异分析

芳樟[ Cinnamomum camphora var.linaloolifera Fujita.]个体自然结果率极低,甚至只开花不结实,而其群体结果率却较高[1].通过自然授粉繁殖的芳樟子代叶精油类型(主要成分)存在分离现象,如叶精油主含芳樟醇的母株,可产生叶精油主含樟脑和桉叶油素的有性后代,且后代个体间芳樟醇含量差异大[2].而以此为原料提取的精油实为杂樟油,提纯难度大,市场价格受到严重影响,因此利用无性系收割枝叶方式进行芳樟香料林产业化开发受到广泛重视[3].精油为植物次生代谢物,其含量及组成受遗传和环境因子双重控制[4-6],因而,使芳樟优良无性系叶精油及其主成分保留母株的优良特性并保持稳定,是实现芳樟产业化开发的关键.作者对优良芳樟组培和扦插无性系叶精油及芳樟醇含量进行了测定,并分析其变异状况,以期为芳樟产业化开发提供实验数据.     

Fungicidal Activity of Essential Oils from Cinnamomum cassia against the Pathogenic Fungi of Panax notoginseng Diseases

The frequent disease of Panax notoginseng caused by the pathogenic fungi in field cultivation has become the major threaten to the sustainable development of it. The present study was conducted to find natural agent with potential inhibition against pathogen. Therefore, the inhibitory effects of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl essential oils (EOs) against P. notoginseng associated pathogenic fungi were conducted both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results of the Oxford cup test revealed that C. cassia dry bark EO (50 mg/mL) had significant inhibitory activity on the growth of all tested fungi, and the growth of various pathogens was completely inhibited, except for that of Fusarium solani. Therefore, the constituents of C. cassia EOs were analyzed by GC/MS, and the research demonstrated that the main constituents of C. cassia dry bark EO were trans‐cinnamaldehyde (75.65 %), (E)‐2‐methoxycinnamaldehyde (6.08 %), cinnamaldehyde (3.47 %) and cinnamyl acetate (1.02 %). The MIC results showed that C. cassia dry bark EO and the main compounds had good antifungal effect on the tested strains, and the inhibitory effect was similar to that of hymexazol (chemical pesticide). By analyzing the value of the fraction inhibitory concentration index (FICI), additive effects, irrelevant effects and synergistic effects were observed after the mixture of hymexazol against various pathogens. Moreover, in vivo model showed that C. cassia dry bark EO could reduce the occurrence of anthrax in P. notoginseng. To widen the resources of C. cassia available, the compositions of both C. cassia fresh bark and leaf EOs were also tested and many common compositions existed among them. Taken together, it was concluded that C. cassia EO had the potential use in the field to reduce the pathogenic disease.     

气候变化对亚热带常绿阔叶林优势类群樟属植物的影响及保护评估

常绿阔叶林的优势类群由于其个体数量多、盖度大、生物量高、生存能力强, 对维持相应生态系统的稳定起着主导作用。樟属(Cinnamomum)植物为亚热带常绿阔叶林的优势类群, 通过对其过去、当前和未来潜在分布区的研究可以了解该类群的变迁历史, 为理解亚热带常绿阔叶林动态变化提供帮助, 有助于亚热带常绿阔叶林保育策略的制定。本研究利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型模拟了我国樟属47种植物在5个时期(末次间冰期、末次盛冰期、全新世中期、当前和未来)的潜在分布区及物种丰富度热点区域。此外, 根据樟属植物的物种丰富度热点区域与自然保护区相叠加, 对当前自然保护区的保护状态进行了评估, 尤其是为保护亚热带常绿阔叶林而设立的自然保护区。结果表明: 樟属物种的潜在分布区在5个时期变化均不大, 仅在亚热带-温带交界处的各大山脉和平原之间出现局部收缩和扩张; 值得注意的是, 物种丰富度热点区域在5个时期变化明显, 末次盛冰期面积最大, 相较于末次间冰期、全新世中期和当前分别多96%、88%和37%; 未来(~2080年)两种不同温室气体排放典型浓度途径(representative concentration pathways, RCP) (RCP2.6和RCP8.5)下, 樟属物种丰富度热点区域面积将分别比当前收缩8.4%和10.0%, 并且随着温室气体排放的增加, 物种热点区域收缩趋势会更加明显。此外, 本研究发现樟属物种丰富度热点区域主要位于我国四川东南部、贵州南部、广西和广东, 然而仅7.5%位于现有自然保护区内, 未来自然保护区、国家公园等自然保护地的扩建、选址和规划应优先考虑四川东南部和华南地区。     

Mycorrhizal Networks Interacting with Litter Improves Nutrients and Growth for One Plant through the Vary of N/P Ratio under Karst Soil

Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi affect nutrient uptake for host plants, while it is unclear how AM fungi interacting with soil litter affect plant growth and nutrient utilization through mycorrhizal networks in karst soil of deficient nutrients beyond the rhizosphere. An experiment was conducted in a microcosm composed of a planting compartment for Cinnamomum camphora seedlings with or without Glomus mosseae fungus (M⁺ vs. M⁻ ) and an adjacent litter compartment containing or not containing additional litter material of Arthraxon hispidus (L⁺ vs. L⁻ ), where the compartments are connected either by nylon mesh of 20 μm or 0.45 μm which either allow available mycorrhizal networks within the litter compartment or prevent mycelium entering into the litter compartment (N⁺ vs. N⁻ ). Plant biomass and nutrients were measured. The results showed that the addition of litter changed the symbiotic process in mycorrhizal colonization, spore, and hyphal density, which when in association with the host plant then affected the biomass, and accumulations of N (nitrogen) and P (phosphorus) in the individual plant as well as root, stem, and leaf respectively. AM fungi increased N and P accumulations and N/P ratio in individual plants and plant tissues. A decrease of the N/P ratio of the individual plant was observed when AM fungus interacted significantly with litter through mycorrhizal networks in the litter compartment. The results indicate that the C. camphora seedlings benefited from litter in nutrient utilization of N and P through the vary of N/P ratio when accessing mycorrhizal networks. These findings suggest that mycorrhizal networks interacting with litter improve growth and nutrients of N and P for plants through the vary of N/P ratio in order to alleviate nutrient limitation under karst soil.     

水深梯度对菹草生长的影响

用盆栽试验方法,将菹草石芽种植在水下30、60、90、120、150、180 cm的花盆内,研究了水深梯度对菹草生长的影响。结果表明：菹草株高与水深显著相关（P<0.01）,菹草生长的适宜水深范围为90～150 cm;5月7日前后,除水深180 cm组外,其他实验组虽然株高有所增加,但叶片数量反而减少,植株开始衰老腐烂;水深差异对菹草叶片光合色素含量影响不明显;水深30、60 cm组菹草的F_v/F_m、ETR值低于深水处其他处理组,表明在菹草生长的中后期,水面光照对水深浅于60 cm的菹草叶片光合电子传递效率有一定的阻碍作用;从快速光响应曲线可以看出,在菹草生长的中后期,水深<60 cm、>150 cm对菹草生长不利。