油樟内生真菌产油脂初步研究

采用GC-MS法分析78株油樟内生真菌(其中油樟根内生真菌43株,茎内生真菌11株,叶内生真菌24株)发酵产物,发现半数以上内生真菌能够产C_(16)到C_(19)的脂肪酸及相应的甲酯;利用索氏抽提法提取78株油樟内生真菌的总油脂并采用GC-MS法分析其组分,发现4株内生真菌(编号分别为YG48、YG64、YJ9、YY8)菌丝内油脂相对含量较高,种类较少,其中YG48、YY8几乎只产棕榈酸酯、亚油酸甲酯两种油脂,YG64、YJ9主要产油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸甲酯、油酸酰胺及硬脂酰胺。     

Edge effects of forest gap in Pinus massoniana plantations on the ecological stoichiometry of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum

Aims Pinus massoniana is one of the major plantation tree species in the low hilly lands along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River Valley in China’s “Grain for Green” project. The objective of this study was to explore the edge effects of forest gap on the ecological stoichiometry of dominant tree species in a P. massoniana plantation forest.Methods We collected Cinnamomum longepaniculatum leaves in a 39-year-old P. massoniana plantation forest with seven forest gap sizes (G1: 100 m²; G2: 225 m²; G3: 400 m²; G4: 625 m²; G5: 900 m²; G6: 1 225 m²; G7: 1 600 m², and the control: closed canopy) located in Gao County, south Sichuan Province during different seasons. The contents of C, N and P in leaves were measured, and the effects of edges, seasons and their interaction on leaf C, N and P contents and C:N:P stoichiometry were evaluated.Important findings The leaf C content, C:N and C:P of C. longepaniculatum at the edge of forest gaps in different seasons were all significantly higher than those of understory plants in P. massoniana plantation. With increasing size of forest gaps, leaf C content and C:N ratio, C:P and N:P of C. longepaniculatum increased initially and then decreased with the maximum at medium size (400-900 m²). From spring to winter, leaf N and P contents of C. longepaniculatum increased after an obvious decrease; and the C:N and C:P increased first but then decreased. However, the inflection point all appeared in the summer. The nutrient utilization of C. longepaniculatum at the edge of forest gaps was more efficient in summer and autumn than in spring and winter, indicating significant edge effects. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that gap size, relative light intensity and monthly average air temperature were the main environmental factors affecting the stoichiometry of C. longepaniculatum at the different edge of forest gaps in the P. massoniana plantation. These results indicated that forest gap with size 625 m² had the highest organic matter storage and nutrient utilization efficiency in the edge areas in all seasons, and therefore had the most significant edge effect on leaf element stoichiometry.     

天竺桂挥发油化学成分及抑菌活性研究

用水蒸馏法提取天竺桂(CinnamomumjaponicumSibe)挥发油,并用GC-MS分析化学成分,用滤纸片法测其抑菌活性。结果表明,从天竺桂挥发油中分离出27种化学成分,以冰片为主要成分,占26.03%;抑菌实验中,挥发油对大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都有明显的抑菌作用。     

Fungal pretreatment to enhance the yield of phytochemicals and evaluation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition using Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.) quills pressurized water extracts

Bioactive compounds entrapped in plant materials can be effectively recovered using fungal enzymes. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Sri Wijaya (SW) and Sri Gemunu (SG) accessions and commercially available C. zeylanicum (CC) were subjected to fungal pretreatment and extracted with pressured water (PWE, 0·098 MPa). Thirteen fungal species were isolated and the substrate utilization ability of the species was tested using cellulose, pectin and lignin (indirectly). Total phenolic content (TPC, Folin–Ciocalteu method), proanthocyanidin content (PC, vanillin method) and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of the extracts were evaluated. The anti-diabetic drug, Acarbose was used as the positive control. Trichoderma harzianum (MH298760) showed the highest cell lysis ability and hence was used for the microbial pretreatment process. Extracts of SW treated with T. harzianum species (Pre-SW) gave the highest percentage yield (4·08% ± 0·15%), significantly potent inhibition (P < 0·05) of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities (IC₅₀ 57 ± 8 and 36 ± 8 μg ml⁻¹ respectively), TPC (2·24 ± 0·02 mg gallic acid equivalent g⁻¹), and PC (48·2 ± 0·4 mg of catechin equivalent g⁻¹) compared to Pre-SG, Pre-CC and nontreated samples. Trichoderma harzianum treatment can enhance the hypoglycaemic properties, PC and TPC of Cinnamon extracts and provide new insights into the recovery of phytochemicals.     

巨桉和天竺桂幼树对不同浓度SO2的光合生理响应

二氧化硫是大气主要污染物之一,可对植物的关键生理过程光合作用产生重要影响。利用密闭环境控制室熏气处理,研究不同浓度(自然状态下浓度、0.5mg·L-1、1.5mg·L-1、3.0mg·L-1)SO2对盆栽巨桉和天竺桂幼树叶绿素含量、光响应曲线、光合特征参数、光合日变化及硫含量的影响。结果表明:(1)SO2胁迫显著减少了巨桉叶绿素a、b含量,且叶绿素a/b值显著降低,而天竺桂在SO2胁迫下叶绿素a、b含量显著增加,叶绿素a/b值无显著影响。(2)SO2胁迫显著抑制了两树种的净光合速率(Pn);在SO2胁迫下巨桉气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著上升,而天竺桂的Gs和Tr显著被SO2抑制,Ci随SO2浓度的增加先升高后降低。(3)巨桉表观量子效率(AQY)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)及天竺桂Rd和LCP均随着SO2浓度的增加而先升高后降低,而天竺桂的AQY和LSP逐渐降低。(4)一天中,SO2胁迫显著提高了巨桉Pn、Gs和Tr,而对天竺桂Pn无显著影响,较低浓度SO2胁迫显著促进了天竺桂Gs和Tr,高浓度SO2胁迫则显著抑制其Gs和Tr;SO2胁迫显著抑制了两种植物的Ci。(5)SO2胁迫下,巨桉和天竺桂幼树叶片硫含量均显著增加。研究认为,巨桉对较低浓度的SO2胁迫有一定的适应能力,但对高浓度SO2胁迫的抗性不如天竺桂强,这可能与二者不同的叶片形态及生理特性有关。     

中国樟科植物一新记录种——圆头叶桂

报道了中国樟科(Lauraceae)樟属1新记录种——圆头叶桂(Cinnamomum daphnoides Sieb.et Zucc.),该种据记载特产于日本的九州近海岸地区至冲绳诸岛,在浙江省象山县南韭山岛发现有该种分布。对该种的主要形态特征与生境进行了描述,并提供了凭证标本和活植物照片。同时还列举并分析了中国东部沿海与日本间断分布的植物,说明两地之间植物区系有着密切的联系。     

Efficient Evergreen Plant Regeneration of <i>Cinnamomum japonicum</i> Sieb. through <i>in vitro</i> Organogenesis

Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb. is an excellent roadside tree and medicinal tree species with considerable ornamental and economic value. In this study, we successfully developed a large-scale micropropagation protocol for C. japonicum for the first time. Sterilized shoots were excised and used as explants for shoot induction on several basal media, supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs), such as Thidiazuron (TDZ), N⁶ -Benzyladenine (6-benzylaminopurine) (BA), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and Gibberellic acid (GA₃). After comparison, the most efficient medium for shoot regeneration was 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.5 mg L^–1 BA, 0.05 mg L^–1 NAA and 0.2 mg L^–1 GA₃, which resulted in an average number of induced shoots per explant and shoot length of 5.2 and 1.62 cm at 28 d, respectively. Then, elongated adventitious shoots were transferred to induce roots. 86.7% of shoots was able to root on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L^–1 NAA and 0.1 mg L^–1 BA. The earliest rooting time observed was after 21 d and the average root length was up to 3.3 cm after 28 d. Our study shows that C. japonicum can be successfully regenerated through de novo organogenesis, which lays a foundation for future transformation research on this tree.     

柠檬醛猴樟茎段组织培养技术研究

柠檬醛猴樟是重要的园林绿化、用材、油用树种。以柠檬醛猴樟一年生枝条为材料,研究采集季节、消毒时间、激素对柠檬醛猴樟茎段组织培养的影响。结果表明：5月中旬,柠檬醛猴樟半木质化茎段组织培养用浓度为0.1% HgCl₂消毒5 min,茎段腋芽萌芽率最高,褐化率和污染率较低。猴樟茎段萌芽适宜培养基为MS+1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.05 mg·L^-1 IBA,萌芽率为60%。增殖适宜培养基为MS+1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.2 mg·L^-1 IBA,增殖系数为4.33、株高为3.67 cm、地径为1.04 mm。生根培养11 d基部出现不定根,生根适宜培养基为MS+1.5 mg·L^-1 IBA,生根率75.00%、根长5.06 cm、根数3.50、根粗0.82 mm。根数大于3的组培苗,移栽成活率80%以上。     

濒危植物沉水樟的濒危机制研究

2003~2004年对沉水樟生殖物候进行了连续2年的野外定位观测,从沉水樟的生殖繁育过程及其种子品质两方面对其有性生殖过程进行系统研究,以探讨沉水樟种群濒危机制。结果表明:(1)沉水樟的花期长达3个月,而盛花期只有15 d左右,杂交指数值为2,繁育系统类型为兼性自交,花粉胚珠比值为244.7~2 588,为风媒传粉的自花授粉植物;(2)沉水樟种子横径为0.50~0.83 cm,纵径为0.87~1.28 cm,结实量比较多,但由于不同物候期重叠,落果率高,果实产量低;(3)沉水樟的生育期长达19个月,其中果实发育期16个月,在漫长的生殖发育过程中易受环境因素影响,种子病虫危害严重,存在严重的空心现象,影响了沉水樟种群的天然更新,这是导致沉水樟种群濒危的主要原因。同时人为破坏和对现代生境不适应也是影响沉水樟种群濒危的原因。     

Superheated water extraction of essential oils from Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.)

Introduction – Superheated water extraction (SHWE) potentially provides an environmentally friendly and clean extraction technique which uses a minimum or no organic solvent. The scope and limitations of the technique have still to be fully explored. Objective – To investigate the application of SHWE to cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum L.) bark and leaves as typical plant materials to determine if this extraction method can yield a higher quality oil. Methodology – Samples of cinnamon bark or leaves were extracted at 200°C with water under pressure. The essential oils were obtained from the aqueous solution using a solid phase extraction cartridge and were then examined by GC‐MS. Results – Using superheated water extraction, cinnamon bark oil with over 80% cinnamaldehyde and cinnamon leaf oil containing up to 98% eugenol were obtained. Alternative solvent extraction methods were also studied but led to emulsion formation apparently because of the presence of cellulose breakdown products. Conclusion – Superheated water extraction offers a cheap, environmentally friendly technique with a shorter extraction time than hydrodistillation and yielded a higher quality oil with a higher proportion of eugenol than hydrodistillation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.