The Adsorption of Whey Proteins on the Surface of Emulsified Fat

Whey proteins adsorbed on fat globule surfaces during emulsification with coconut oil at pH 3 ~ 9 were examined. The amount of proteins adsorbed on the fat surface was dependent on the pH during emulsification. At any pH examined here, however, tightly-adsorbed proteins which were not extracted from the fat surface with urea or guanidine-HCl were 2 ~ 3 mg/m². Marked selectivities in the adsorption of individual whey proteins were observed at any pH. No correlation between the adsorbabilities and the surface hydrophobicities of individual whey proteins was observed. Whey proteins adsorbed on the emulsified fat were much more easily digested with proteases compared to the native whey proteins, indicating that conformational changes of whey proteins occurred at the fat surface. The results suggested that conformational properties, such as flexibility of the structure, of whey proteins are important in the adsorption and possibly affect their emulsifying ability.     

薯蓣属根状茎的组织结构和萆薢类药材鉴别

应用显微镜观察了中国薯蓣属根状茎组17种1亚种1变种根状茎组织结构。结果显示,(1)根状茎均由周皮、内外侧基本组织和散生维管束组成;(2)木栓层外方常见被挤压或残留的基本组织薄壁细胞,并有木化厚壁细胞及石细胞;外侧基本组织含有散生或稀疏排列成环的粘液细胞(含草酸钙针晶束);内侧基本组织占广大部位,薄壁细胞愈近中央部位的愈大,维管束绝大部分外韧型,无形成层;(3)木质部有大型管胞或导管,管壁孔纹或网纹增厚,大形筛管易见,导管多短节状,显示了演化上的原始性;淀粉粒形态结构多样。结果表明,薯蓣属根状茎组织结构特点可作为分类依据,并显示了该组为一个自然类群。其中,药材粉萆薢(粉背薯蓣、叉蕊薯蓣)、绵萆薢(绵萆薢、福州薯蓣)的原植物根茎组织结构具有明显的鉴别意义。     

The effects of Coptidis Rhizoma extract on a hypercholesterolemic animal model

The serum cholesterol (total, free, esterified, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL) levels of rats fed a diet containing, by weight, 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid increased, as compared with those of rats fed a normal diet. The levels, especially of total cholesterol, LDL and oxidized LDL, were reduced significantly in a dose-dependent manner, in rats given Coptidis Rhizoma extract orally at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body wt./day for 30 days. These results indicate that Coptidis Rhizoma extract is effective in reducing the pathological damage caused by hypercholesterolemia, through lowering of serum cholesterol levels. In addition, Coptidis Rhizoma extract reduced the level of liver cholesterol, but it did not reduce that of fecal cholesterol, suggesting that the cholesterol level-lowering effect resulted from the reduction of cholesterol synthesis, not the enhancement of its excretion. Furthermore, the serum thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance level decreased after oral administration of Coptidis Rhizoma extract, indicating that Coptidis Rhizoma could prevent hypercholesterolemic disease through reducing lipid peroxidation. This study demonstrates that Coptidis Rhizoma may be a useful therapy for hypercholesterolemia through reducing oxidative stress and cholesterol levels.     

Protostane‐Type Triterpenoids from Alisma orientale

Twenty‐eight protostane triterpenoids, including a new degraded one ( 1 ), nine new ones ( 2 – 10 ), and two new natural ones ( 11 and 12 ), have been isolated from the dried rhizomes of Alisma orientale. Alisol R ( 1 ) was the first 20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27‐octanorprotostane triterpenoid. The absolute configurations of 25‐methoxyalisol F ( 2 ) and 16β‐hydroperoxyalisol B 23‐acetate ( 3 ) were determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis. In addition, alismaketone‐B 23‐acetate ( 28 ) showed potent vasorelaxant activity on endothelium‐intact thoracic aorta rings precontracted with KCl.     

川芎叶精油的化学成分

用毛细管气相色谱和色谱-质谱-计算机联用系统对不同时期采摘的川芎叶精油化学成分进行了研究。从50m×0.25mm键合甲基硅酮弹性石英毛细管柱分离出来的202个和200个色谱峰中,初步鉴定出44个组分。其主要成分随采摘季节不同而有所不同。川芎有效成分之一——藁本内酯在早期(1986、3)采摘的叶精油中含量只有0.36％,而在较晚(1986、4)采摘的叶精油中达16.92％。     

罗汉果营养器官的结构

1.罗汉果根、茎、叶的结构与葫芦科其它植物大致相似;不同之处有三方面：(1)叶子主脉中维管束为5个：(2)叶子中有硅质细胞成群分布;(3)块根具异常次生生长;在次生木质部中围绕导管形成形成层,由之分化出多个具韧皮部与木质部的小维管束。2.叶中的硅质细胞分布于表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织中,多个细胞集合在一起。其细胞壁加厚并硅质化,细胞内容物消失。推测与增加叶子的支持力量有关。3.罗汉果雌株叶子上、下表皮气也数之比为0.04,雄株为0.03,比值均很低,同时根据叶的解剖结构推测罗汉果为C3植物。4.雌株叶子下表皮单位面积气孔数比雄株的多26%,差异很显著,值得进一步研究简化观察统计方法,以用于鉴别幼苗的性别。     

细辛肾毒性与细辛剂型剂量的动物实验研究

目的:研究细辛的肾毒性及其与细辛剂型剂量之间的相关性。方法:以灌服蒸馏水为空白对照,分别以不同剂量的细辛水煎剂、细辛散剂和麻黄附子细辛汤复方为受试药物,连续60天给SD大鼠灌胃给药,通过检测尿蛋白、血清肌酐、血尿素氮等生化指标和观察组织切片,评价细辛不同使用方式对大鼠肾脏的损伤作用。结果:细辛散剂组在3.0 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的给药剂量下,各生化指标与空白组比较P0.05,有显著性差异,大鼠肾脏组织受到严重损伤,并普遍死亡;在1.5 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的给药剂量下,同样引起了大鼠肾组织的明显损伤;在0.3 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的给药剂量下,大鼠肾组织未表现出损伤,且生化指标与空白对照组比较P0.05,均无显著性差异。当细辛生药量达到33.0 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)时,细辛水煎剂组方表现出轻微的肾组织损伤,在16.5 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)和3.3 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量下,细辛水煎剂组未表现出肾组织病理变化,生化指标与空白对照组比较P0.05,均无显著性差异。对麻黄附子细辛汤而言,在细辛生药用量达到16.5 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)时,开始出现大鼠轻微肾损伤,而在3.3 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量下未表现出肾组织病理变化,生化指标与空白对照组比较P0.05,也均无显著性差异。结论:在大鼠中,肾脏是细辛致毒的靶器官之一,并且大鼠肾损伤与细辛用法用量密切相关,散剂的毒性显著强于水煎剂和复方麻黄附子细辛汤。     

Discrimination of Polygonati Rhizoma Species: An Investigation Utilizing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprints and Chemometrics

Polygonati Rhizoma has been a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for two thousand years. It is increasingly being used not just as a traditional herbal medicine but also as a popular functional food. In this study, qualitative and quantitative analysis of PR from three different origins were initially performed using chemical fingerprint and chemometrics methods. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Principal component analysis (PCA) were used to classify 60 PR samples from three different origins. The results revealed that the PR samples fell into three clusters related to the origins. In addition, pairwise comparison of varying PR and obtaining chemical markers between different species through the establishment of partial least squares discriminant analysis. Finally, chemical markers 9,13 and 17 were identified by LC/MS as disporopsin, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-6,8-dimethylchroman-4-one and (3R)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-6-methylchroman-4-one or isomer, respectively. In conclusion, these methods can be applied to identify and distinguish the quality of PR with other original plants and provide novel ideas for evaluating herbal products used in TCM.     

川芎,抚芎与藁本的花粉形态及其亲缘关系

本文讨论了我国传统中药伞形科藁本届Ligusticum L.植物藁本L. sinense、川芎L. sinense cv. Chuanxiong、抚芎L. sinense cv. Fuxiong的花粉形态及其相关性状,我们认为:川芎和抚芎与藁本相比,花粉形状变异很大,展示出明显的差异,但却仍然保留了藁本属矩形花粉类型的特征。其相关性状亦有不少相似性。因此,赞同将川芎、抚芎作为藁本的栽培变种。