The local distribution of highly divergent mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in toque macaques Macaca sinica at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka

Surveys of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in macaque monkeys have revealed extremely high levels of intraspecific divergence among haplotypes. One consistent pattern that has emerged from these studies is that divergent haplotypes are geographically segregated so that sampling a few matrilines from a given region shows them to be identical, or a closely related subset of haplotypes. Geographically structured mtDNA variation has also been commonly observed in other taxa. In this study, haplotype variation and distribution are studied in detail within a local population of toque macaques. The results show that highly divergent haplotypes, differing by 3.1% in their nucleotide sequences, coexist in this population and that they may be spatially segregated even on this micro-geographic scale. Furthermore, these differences are maintained between social groups that exchange male migrants, and thus nuclear genes, frequently.     

温度对中华通草蛉捕食麦长管蚜的影响

为明确温度对中华通草蛉 Chrysoperla sinica 捕食麦蚜能力的影响,充分发挥其控害潜能,本研究利用年龄-龄期两性生命表方法,研究了5个温度下(16℃、19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃)中华通草蛉幼虫对麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae 的捕食能力。结果发现,1龄幼虫在19℃条件下捕食量最高,16℃条件下捕食量最低,且差异显著。2龄幼虫不同温度处理间捕食量均无显著性差异,3龄幼虫捕食麦长管蚜数量则随处理温度的提高而显著降低,而幼虫期总捕食量除28℃在不同温度间均无显著性差异。2龄幼虫平均捕食率高于1龄幼虫,但显著低于 3龄幼虫。年龄-龄期捕食率结果说明,温度升高缩短了幼虫发育时间,但提高了其捕食能力;虽然不同温度处理总捕食量不变,但高温缩短了幼虫捕食所消耗的时间。22℃条件下中华通草蛉雌成虫期长(96.63 d),产卵期长(55.36 d),繁殖力强(310.36),平均世代周期( T )短(48.99 d),容易产生世代重叠现象;内禀增长率( r )和周限增长率(λ)显示中华通草蛉种群呈正增长趋势。研究结果对于春季田间释放中华通草蛉防治麦长管蚜具有一定参考价值。     

Field Assessment of Adhesion and Hatch ofChrysoperlaEggs Mechanically Applied in Liquid Carriers

A mechanical technique was evaluated for releasing green lacewing eggs in liquid suspensions. Deposited eggs were enclosed within a circle of nonpoisonous adhesive to protect them from predation and to prevent escape of hatched larvae. Released eggs were monitored daily for 5 days after release by measuring three response variables: adhesion rate of eggs to foliage, hatch rate of eggs, and “yield” of larvae from discharged eggs; “yield” was the product of egg adhesion and egg hatch. Factors tested were: egg conditioning prior to release (incubated or refrigerated), carrier (distilled water or commercial carrier solution), application technique (mechanical or hand application), and row facing (North or South). Release technique did not significantly effect egg hatch on any day. Conditioning eggs prior to release had the greatest effect on hatch of eggs and resulting yield of larvae during the 5-day monitoring period. Carrier had a significant effect on adhesion of eggs to leaves and hatch of eggs. Commercial carrier solution increased egg adhesion but decreased egg hatch compared to water. Overall mean yield of larvae from incubated eggs distributed mechanically was not significantly different for eggs suspended in water (36.4% on day 5 post-release) and for eggs suspended in commercial carrier solution (36.1% on day 5 post-release). Hand-applied eggs had a higher hatch and subsequent yield of larvae than mechanically released eggs; however, the hand technique was labor intensive.     

中华通草蛉复眼光感受性

运用视网膜电位（Electroretinogram,ERG）技术,对中华通草蛉Chrysopa sinica Tjedar成虫复眼在暗适应过程中对单色光和白光刺激的光感受变化进行了测定。结果表明：（1）在340～605 nm光谱范围内该草蛉的光反应表现3个峰,其中最高峰位于562 nm,次峰在524 nm,第3峰在460 nm;（2）一定光强度（LogI=4.5～0）范围内,其复眼ERG值随光强度的增强而增大,呈近线性增长式样;（3）暗适应时间影响其复眼的ERG值大小,在暗适应100 min时其ERG值达到稳定;（4）中华通草蛉复眼ERG的波形由4个部分组成：开光反应、正相电位、持续负电位和闭光反应。     

中华通草蛉自然越冬成虫在长、 短光周期下滞育解除中体内相关酶活力变化

光周期信号在昆虫的环境适应中发挥着重要作用, 昆虫能够通过感受光周期的变化来调节体内生理生化过程, 以适应环境的变化。为明确光周期对中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica越冬成虫滞育解除过程中酶活力的影响, 本研究测定了长光周期（15L∶9D）和短光周期（9L∶15D）条件下, 成虫体内过氧化氢酶（CAT）、 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、 Na⁺K⁺-ATP酶和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH） 4种重要酶活力的变化。结果表明： 中华通草蛉雌、 雄成虫CAT活性在长光周期处理5 d达最高值后呈下降趋势; 短光周期处理CAT活性在处理5 d达最高值, 且高于长光周期处理, 在处理10 d迅速下降至最低值, 且均显著低于长光周期处理的CAT活性（P=0.005）, 后迅速上升并在处理15 d （P<0.05）和20 d （P<0.005）活性显著高于长光周期处理。雌、 雄成虫SOD活性在长光周期下处理10 d达最高值, 且显著高于对照（P<0.001）, 且除处理5 d雄虫SOD活性与对照无显著性差异外（P=0.558）其余处理活性均显著低于对照（P<0.05）。雌成虫长光周期处理5 d 的SOD活性显著低于短光周期（P<0.001）, 其余处理活性均显著高于短光周期; 雄成虫长光周期下处理的SOD活性均高于短光周期下, 且处理5 d （P=0.04）, 15 d （P<0.001）和20 d （P=0.003）的活性差异显著。两种光周期条件下雌、 雄成虫Na⁺K⁺-ATP酶活性随处理时间延长呈上升-下降-上升趋势, 且均显著高于处理0 d成虫酶活性（P<0.001）; 短光周期处理不同时间Na⁺K⁺-ATP酶活性均高于长光周期处理, 且除雄成虫处理15 d无显著性差异（P=0.142）外, 其余均差异显著（P<0.05）。两种光周期条件下雌、 雄成虫LDH活性随处理时间延长呈下降趋势, 且均显著低于对照（P<0.001）。中华通草蛉越冬成虫在长、 短两种光周期条件下体内酶活力的差异可能是影响两种光周期下成虫滞育解除过程中体内不同生化物质含量与生殖状态的重要因子。     

Assessing the risks of insect resistant transgenic plants on entomophagous arthropods Bt-maize expressing Cry1Ab as a case study

One of the primary concerns related to theadoption of insect resistant transgenic plantsin the environment is the detrimental effectthat these may pose on non-target organisms,including entomophagous arthropods (parasitoidsfand predators) which have an important functionin regulating pests. Despite the fact thatregulatory bodies require information regardingthe potential risk of releasing transgenicplants in the environment, to date, no specificprotocols have been designed for assessing therisks of insect resistant transgenic crops onentomophagous arthropods. Here a framework forrisk assessment is proposed to evaluate theeffects of insect resistant plants onentomophagous arthropods. Using maizeexpressing the Bacillus thuringiensisgene which codes for the Cry1Ab toxin, weillustrate the procedure necessary forassessing the risks. As a first step, it isrequired to determine which entomophagousarthropods play a major role in regulatingmaize pests, and which may be at risk. Becausethe risk which transgenic plants pose toentomophagous arthropods depends on both, theirexposure, and their sensitivity to theinsecticidal protein, it is essential todetermine, as a second step, if and at whatlevel organisms are exposed to the transgenecompound. Exposure will be associated with thefeeding behaviour of phytophagous andentomophagous arthropods together with thetissue and cell specific temporal and spatialexpression of the insecticidal protein. Forthose organisms which could potentially beexposed to the insecticidal protein,sensitivity tests, as a third step, should beperformed to assess toxicity. The testingprocedure and the type of tests which should beadopted to quantify the effects of insectresistant plants on natural enemies aresubsequently illustrated. Taking the greenlacewing Chrysoperla carnea as anexample, we propose a procedure on how toperform tests and give evidence that Bt-maizeposes no risk to this predator.     

温湿度对中华通草蛉越冬成虫存活的影响

室内研究了不同温湿度对中华通草蛉 (Chrysoperla sinica)越冬成虫存活的影响。试验采用因子二次正交旋转组合设计的要求安排 ,研究了越冬成虫在不同的温度组合条件下储存不同时间后的存活率 ,并得到了在不同时间后 ,成虫存活率与温湿度间的二次回归模型。结果表明 ,在试验条件下 ,越冬成虫存活的最佳条件组合是温度为 5℃和相对湿度为 75 % ,此条件下储存90 d的越冬成虫存活率达 85 %以上 ;温度对成虫存活率的影响最大 ,湿度次之 ,温湿度的交互作用最不重要。利用温湿度与存活率之间的回归方程 ,分析并得出了适宜于越冬中华通草蛉成虫存活的条件为温度 5～ 9℃ ,相对湿度 70 %～ 85 % ,温度和湿度过高或过低均不利于成虫的存活     

草坪型结缕草冠层截留性能试验研究

草坪植物冠层对雨水或灌溉水的截留量大小对于草坪水分利用效率具有重要影响.针对草坪型结缕草,用吸水法分别试验研究了单株和群落草坪草的冠层截留特性.结果表明:结缕草的叶片数量、叶面积对单株结缕草截留量影响显著.随着叶片数量的增多,单株结缕草截留量增大,5叶枝条的结缕草截留量高达0.16g,占其植株浸水前自身重的81.22%,而3叶枝条的结缕草截留量仅为5叶枝条结缕草的1/2.单株结缕草截留量与叶面积呈线性正相关关系.对于结缕草草坪,修剪留茬高度越高,截留量就越多.建植3a的草坪在修剪高度14cm时冠层截留可达1.05mm,修剪6cm时截留量为0.48mm.在修剪留茬高度相同的情况下,不同生长年限间草坪草截留量、截留率差异极显著(P＜0.01),建植3a的草坪比建植1a的草坪能拦截更多的水分,在修剪高度6cm时,3a生草坪草截留量为0.48mm,而1年生草坪草截留量为0.38mm,并且随着修剪高度的增加,不同年限间截留量的差异越明显,差值最大可达0.44mm.     

中华通草蛉滞育的光周期调控Ⅰ.诱导成虫滞育的临界光周期和临界光照虫态(英文)

在22℃条件下,研究中华通草蛉对光周期的敏感性,结果表明:中华通草蛉属短日照滞育型,在短光照条件下饲养获得的成虫进入滞育状态,诱导成虫滞育的临界光周期为12.5小时到13小时。成虫期本身是诱导成虫滞育的最关键虫期,只有当羽化的成虫处于短光照条件下时才能进入滞育状态。成虫期之前其它虫期的短光周期经历能延长成虫在长光照条件下的产卵前期。三龄幼虫和预蛹期比成虫期前的其它虫期对光周期的变化更为敏感。