Predation byIridomyrmex humilis [Hym.: Formicidae] on eggs ofChrysoperla carnea [Neu.: Chrysopidae] released for inundative control ofIllinoia liriodendri [Hom.: Aphididae] infestingLiriodendron tulipifera

In an effort to suppress the tuliptree aphidIllinoia liriodendri (Monell), approximately 2,000 eggs ofChrysoperla carnea (Stephens) from a commercial insectary were released 4 times on each of 8 tuliptreesLiriodendron tulipifera L. in Berkeley, California, during the spring of 1984. On trees foraged by the Argentine antIridomyrmex humilis (Mayr), 98% of the eggs ofC. carnea were removed from the egg release tapes by the ants. A total of about 1,250 larvae per tree eclosed from the 8,000 eggs released on each tree without ants. Fifty percent of the larvae that did eclose died due to cannibalism or entrapment in the sticky egg release tapes and approximately 625 first instar larvae on each tree were free to forage for aphids. Inundative lacewing releases ofC. carnea did not suppress populations ofI. liriodendri due to ant predation, the low viability of commercial eggs (0–73% eclosion),

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Résumé Dans le but de limiter les populations du puceron du tulipierIllinoia liriodendri (Monell), 4 lachers d'environ 2.000 œufs de provenance commerciale deChrysoperla carnea (Stephens) ont été réalisés au cours du printemps 1984 sur 8 tulipiersLiriodendron tulipifera L., à Berkeley en Californie. cannibalism by emerged larvae, and inadequate release technology. Sur les arbres visités par la fourmi d'ArgentineIridomyrmex humilis (Mayr), 98% des œufs deC. carnea ont été enlevés du support artificiel par les fourmis. Sur les arbres exempts de fourmis, la mortalité de 50% des larves est due au cannibalisme ou à leur engluement sur le support de lacher. A partir de 8.000 œufs déposés sur chaque arbre sans fourmi, on aboutit à environ 625 larves de 1^er stade susceptibles de rechercher des pucerons. Les lachers inondatifs deC. carnea n'ont pas limité les populations d'I. liriodendri. Les raisons en sont: la consommation par les fourmis, une faible viabilité de la plus grande partie des œufs commercialisés (0–73% d'éclosions), une technique inadaptée pour le lacher des œufs et le cannibalisme par les larves elles-mêmes deC. carnea.

     

大叶黄杨长毛斑蛾的生物学研究

大叶黄杨长毛斑蛾于1990年在山东威海地区首次发现,是为害大叶黄杨的重要害虫,一年发生1代,以卵在枝条上越冬,翌年4月初出现幼虫,5月中旬初开始结茧化蛹,10月底始见成虫,作于1990-1993年对该虫的形态特征,生活史及为害习性进行了观察研究,并提出综合防治措施。     

Prominence of three diets on life table parameters for Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to mass rearing under laboratory conditions

Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) is a general predator reared in industrial scale. Different eggs of moth were used to rear C. carnea, but stabled moth colony needed expensive equipment and is costly. In this research, we surveyed appropriate diet to mass rearing. For this purpose, 100 same old (24H) eggs of C. carnea, separately, were selected randomly from the mass culture of C. carnea which was reared on the egg of flour moth Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), artificial diet and semi-artificial diet under laboratory conditions (25 ± 5°C, 65 ± 5% RH and L–D: 16–8). These results showed reduction process e_x (expectation of life table at age X) and the survival curve was convex (K-Strategy). Also L_x in appearing of adults that fed on egg of flour moth, artificial diet and semi-artificial diet were 0.76, 0.4 and 0.9 which implied that 24, 60 and 10% of cohort were dead before reaching adult stage. Eggs produced by each female were recorded daily until all females died. The parameters were estimated using Carey’s (1993) method. Gross (GRR) and net (R₀) reproductive rates of predator on A. kuehniella, artificial diet and semi artificial diets were 225.5 ± 3.45, 72.4 ± 3.5, 267.8 ± 4.8 and 180.12 ± 2.3, 24.33 ± 4.3, 254.05+3.3 (female/female/generation), respectively. Mean generation time (T), Doubling time (DT), Intrinsic rate of increase (r_m ) and Finite rate of increase (λ) of predator on A. kuehniella, artificial diet and semi artificial diet were 31.9 ± 0.71, 42.87 ± 0.45, 29.79 ± 0.57 (days); 4.27 ± 0.03, 9.36 ± 0.06, 3.74 ± 0.05 (days); 0.162 ± 0.001, 0.074 ± 0.003, 1.185 ± 0.002; and 1.175 ± 0.001, 1.076 ± 0.002, 1.203 ± 0.002 (female/female/day), respectively. This research indicated that semi-artificial diet is a suitable prey for the predator.     

Comparative effects of insecticides with different mechanisms of action on Chrysoperla externa （Neuroptera＂ Chrysopidae）＂ Lethal,sublethal and dose-response effects

The comprehensive knowledge that the delayed systemic and reproduction side effects can be even more deleterious than acute toxicity, has caused a shift in focus toward sublethal effects assessment on physiology and behavior of beneficial insects. In this study, we assessed the risks posed by some insecticides with different mode of action through lethal and delayed systemic sublethal effects on the pupation, adult emergence, and repro- duction of the chrysopid Chrysoperla externa （Hagen, 1861; Neuroptera： Chrysopidae）, an important predator in pest biological control. The maximum field recommended dose （MFRD） and twice （2xMFRD） for chlorantraniliprole, tebufenozide, and pyriproxyfen were harmless to C. externa. In contrast, all the tested chitin synthesis inhibitors （CSIs） were highly detrimental to the predator, despite of their lack of acute lethal toxicity. There- fore, the safety assumed by using IGRs toward beneficial insects is not valid for chrysopids. Dose-response data showed that although all CSIs have a similar mechanism of action, the relative extent of toxicity may differ （novaluron 〉 lufenuron 〉 teflubenzuron）. For CSIs, the delayed systemic effects became obvious at adult emergence, where the predicted no observable effect dose （NOED） was 1/2 048 of the MFRD for novaluron （0.085 ng/insect）, and 1/256 of the MFRD for both lufenuron （0.25 ng/insect） and teflubenzuron （0.6 ng/insect）. Finally, this work emphasized the significance of performing toxicity risk assessments with an adequate posttreatment period to avoid underestimating the toxicities of insecticides, as the acute lethal toxicity assays may not provide accurate information regarding the long-range effects of hazardous compounds.     

Comparative effects of insecticides with different mechanisms of action on Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Lethal,sublethal and dose–response effects

The comprehensive knowledge that the delayed systemic and reproduction side effects can be even more deleterious than acute toxicity, has caused a shift in focus toward sublethal effects assessment on physiology and behavior of beneficial insects. In this study, we assessed the risks posed by some insecticides with different mode of action through lethal and delayed systemic sublethal effects on the pupation, adult emergence, and reproduction of the chrysopid Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861; Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), an important predator in pest biological control. The maximum field recommended dose (MFRD) and twice (2×MFRD) for chlorantraniliprole, tebufenozide, and pyriproxyfen were harmless to C. externa. In contrast, all the tested chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) were highly detrimental to the predator, despite of their lack of acute lethal toxicity. Therefore, the safety assumed by using IGRs toward beneficial insects is not valid for chrysopids. Dose–response data showed that although all CSIs have a similar mechanism of action, the relative extent of toxicity may differ (novaluron > lufenuron > teflubenzuron). For CSIs, the delayed systemic effects became obvious at adult emergence, where the predicted no observable effect dose (NOED) was 1/2 048 of the MFRD for novaluron (0.085 ng/insect), and 1/256 of the MFRD for both lufenuron (0.25 ng/insect) and teflubenzuron (0.6 ng/insect). Finally, this work emphasized the significance of performing toxicity risk assessments with an adequate posttreatment period to avoid underestimating the toxicities of insecticides, as the acute lethal toxicity assays may not provide accurate information regarding the long‐range effects of hazardous compounds.     

Effects of transgenic Bt cotton on insecticide use and abundance of two generalist predators

Considerable effort has been expended to determine if crops genetically engineered to produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins harm non‐target arthropods. However, if Bt crops kill target pests and thereby reduce insecticide use, this could benefit some non‐target arthropods. We analyzed data from 21 commercial cotton fields in Arizona to test the effects of Bt cotton on insecticide use and abundance of two non‐target arthropods, the generalist predators Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Orius tristicolor (White) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). The number of insecticide sprays was more than double for non‐Bt cotton compared with Bt cotton that produced Cry1Ac. The abundance of both predators was negatively associated with the number of insecticide sprays, although significantly so for only one of two sampling periods for each species tested. With the effects of insecticides statistically removed, field type (Bt or non‐Bt cotton) did not affect the abundance of either predator. Accordingly, without adjusting for the effects of insecticide sprays, the abundance of C. carnea was higher in Bt cotton fields than in non‐Bt cotton fields, but significantly so during only one of two sampling periods. The abundance of O. tristicolor did not differ between field types, even without adjusting for effects of insecticide sprays. The results indicate that Bt crops can affect insecticide use, which in turn can affect the relative abundance of non‐target arthropods in Bt and non‐Bt fields. Thus, environmental impact assessment should incorporate analysis of the effects of transgenic crops on management practices, as well as evaluation of the direct effects of such crops.     

外源保幼激素对中华通草蛉滞育解除及滞育后发育的影响

[目的]本研究旨在明确外源保幼激素(juvenile hormone,JH)在中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica滞育快速解除过程中的使用剂量及最佳使用时期.[方法]测定点滴不同剂量(0,5,15,25和35 μg/成虫)外源JH后中华通草蛉滞育成虫的产卵前期、产卵历期、雌虫寿命及单雌产卵量,以及15 μg/...     

Comparative effectiveness of an integrated pest management system and other control tactics for managing the spider mite Tetranychus ludeni (Acari: Tetranychidae) on eggplant

The effect of an integrated pest management (IPM) package, host plantresistance, Chrysoperla carnea predation and neem oil wereevaluated against the spider mite Tetranychus ludeni oneggplant(Solanum melongena L.) fields in 1996 and 1997, byestimating the mite population density and yield levels. Compared with the IPMpackage (Panruti local, C. carnea plus neem oil), thestandard (susceptible) eggplant variety (MDU₁) grown by farmers andtreated with an acaricide (dicofol) had significantly higher mite densities.Thepredator C. carnea was recorded in significantly lowernumbers in plots with the standard variety compared to a resistant variety(panruti local) with the full IPM package. Eggplant yield level and crop valuewere highest in the IPM-treated plots followed by Panruti local plusC. carnea. The standard variety treated with an acaricidehad the lowest yield and value. These results indicated the usefulness of hostplant resistance complemented by biorational control agents, such asC. carnea and neem oil, that these are suitable componentsin an IPM programme for managing the spider mite in endemic areas.     

一种半固体人工饲料连代饲养日本通草蛉幼虫

以棉蚜和his gossypii Glover饲养日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nipt）oensis（Okamoto）作为对照,用一种半固体人工饲料连续饲养10代日本通草蛉,对日本通草蛉各生长阶段的生长和发育指标进行观测。结果显示,用人工饲料饲养的日本通草蛉的幼虫历期为13～15d,蛹期为8d,较对照组的7d和6d分别延长6～8d和2d;用棉蚜饲养的对照组日本通草蛉幼虫累计存活率为94％,成虫获得率为87％,而人工饲料饲养连续10代的幼虫累计存活率为81％～89％,成虫获得率69％～79％。取食人工饲料的日本通草蛉成虫,在产卵前期、产卵量、产卵期及寿命方面与对照组存在显著的差异,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵前期为5．07—5．22d,而对照组草蛉的产卵前期为4．12d,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵量为190～390粒,对照组的单雌产卵量为667．2粒,人工饲料组草蛉的寿命为36—38d,对照组成虫寿命52d。以上结果表明,这种半固体人工饲料可以满足日本通草蛉幼虫生长发育基本需要,可用于日本通草蛉的室内继代饲养,但需要进一步优化配方。     

Compatibility of flonicamid and a formulated mixture of pyrethrins and azadirachtin with predators for soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) management

The invasive soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is an important pest in North American soybean production. Predators can play an important role in suppressing A. glycines. However, current A. glycines management practices rely primarily on broad-spectrum insecticides, which can adversely affect natural enemy populations. An alternative is the use of selective insecticides that control the targeted pest species, while having a reduced impact on natural enemies. In greenhouse and laboratory assays, we tested the effects of lambda-cyhalothrin, two rates of flonicamid, which is currently not registered for use in soybean, and a formulated mixture of pyrthrins and azadirachtin on A. glycines and its natural enemies, Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister), Orius insidiosus (Say) and Hippodamia convergens (Guerin-Meneville). All insecticides significantly reduced A. glycines populations. Lambda-cyhalothrin was highly toxic to the natural enemies tested. Flonicamid showed the lowest toxicity to natural enemies, but the high rate did decrease survival of O. insidiosus. The mixture of pyrethrins and azadirachtin was toxic to larvae of C. rufilabris and adult O. insidiosus. Moreover, the mixture of pyrethrins and azadirachtin increased the developmental time of C. rufilabris. These results indicate potential for flonicamid and the mixture of pyrethrins and azadirachtin to increase compatibility between chemical and biological controls.