Altered expression of CmNRRa changes flowering time of Chrysanthemum morifolium

Flowering time is an important ornamental trait for chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium, Dendranthema x grandiflorum) floricultural production. In this study, CmNRRa, an orthologous gene of OsNRRa that regulates root growth in response to nutrient stress in rice, was identified from Chrysanthemum and its role in flowering time was studied. The entire CmNRRa cDNA sequence was determined using a combinatorial PCR approach along with 5′ and 3′ RACE methods. CmNRRa expression levels in various tissues were monitored by real‐time RT‐PCR. CmNRRa was strongly expressed in flower buds and peduncles, suggesting that CmNRRa plays a regulatory role in floral development. To investigate the biological function of CmNRRa in chrysanthemums, overexpression and knockdown of CmNRRa were carried out using transgenic Chrysanthemum plants generated through Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. CmNRRa expression levels in the transgenic plants were assayed by real‐time RT‐PCR and Northern blot analysis. The transgenic plants showed altered flowering times compared with nontransgenic plants. CmNRRa‐RNAi transgenic plants flowered 40–64 days earlier, while CmNRRa‐overexpressing plants exhibited a delayed flowering phenotype. These results revealed a negative effect of CmNRRa on flowering time modulation. Alteration of CmNRRa expression levels might be an effective means of controlling flowering time in Chrysanthemum. These results possess potential application in molecular breeding of chrysanthemums that production year‐round, and may improve commercial chrysanthemum production in the flower industry.     

Chemical variations of the essential oils in flower heads of Chrysanthemum indicum L. from China

The volatile compositions of hydrodistilled essential oils in the flower heads of Chrysanthemum indicum L. from eight populations in China were analyzed by GC/MS. A total of 169 compounds representing 88.79-99.53% of the oils were identified, and some remarkable differences were found in the constituent percentages of the eight populations. The predominant components of the essential oils were 1,8-cineole (0.62-7.34%), (+)-(1R,4R)-camphor (0.17-27.56%), caryophyllene oxide (0.54-5.8%), β-phellandrene (0.72-1.87%), (-)-(1S,2R,4S)-borneol acetate (0.33-8.46%), 2-methyl-6-(p-tolyl)hept-2-ene (0.3-8.6%), 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-yl acetate (0.17-26.48%), and hexadecanoic acid (0.72-15.97%). The chemotaxonomic value of the essential-oil compositions was discussed according to the results of cluster analysis (CA) and principal-component analysis (PCA). The eight populations were divided into five groups as different chemotypes (Groups A-E), and the scores together with the loadings revealed clearly different chemical properties of each population. In conclusion, GC/MS in combination with chemometric techniques provided a flexible and reliable method for characterizing the essential oils of different populations of C. indicum L.     

中国菊属一新变种

报道了中国菊属(Chrysanthemum)一新变种——阔叶毛华菊(Chrysanthemum vestitum(Hem sl.)Stapf.var.latifolium J.Zhou et J.Y.Chen)。本变种与模式变种的区别在于直立生长,并且较多分枝,叶较狭,卵状披针形或匙形,长4~6 cm,宽2~3 cm。花序直径较原种为小,约3.5~4.5 cm。主要分布于湖北宜昌、河南伏牛山山脉。抗旱性较原变种强。而主要原产于安徽西部大别山麓之模式变种则铺散生长,较少分枝,叶圆形、卵圆形,长4~7cm,宽3~5 cm。花序直径较大,约4.5~5.0 cm。     

The feasibility of using the sterile insect technique against Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) infesting greenhouse chrysanthemum

Liriomyza trifolii is a serious pest of chrysanthemum greenhouses and other crops around the world. The larvae feed within the leaves of the host plants and create serpentine mines. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has been successfully used against some Dipteran species in the field, and it is especially efficient against isolated populations like those on islands. Therefore, SIT against pest populations in confined environments such as greenhouses should have high potential for success. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum gamma‐irradiation dosage required for the sterilisation of L. trifolii adults, and to determine the quality (emergence percentage, flight ability, longevity, copulatory success, and sperm transfer) of the irradiated males compared with that of non‐irradiated (normal) males. We found that sterility (< 0.7 mine per female) was achieved with the dose of 170 ± 5% Gy. The copulatory success and sperm transfer during copulation of the sterile males were not significantly different from those of normal males. Moreover, the longevity, emergence percentage and flight ability of irradiated males were also not significantly different from normal males. The SIT experiments suggest that the release of sterile L. trifolii can significantly reduce the reproductive capacity of a wild leafminer population. Our studies indicate that sterilisation of L. trifolii flies is feasible and that sterile males are of high quality and competitive with normal males. Based on these data, research on the use of SIT against L. trifolii populations in greenhouses is ongoing.     

广东省菊花主要病虫害危害及其防治

介绍了广东省菊花主要病虫害的发生特点以及防治措施,为菊花病虫害的诊断提供参考。     

红光与远红光比值对温室切花菊形态指标、叶面积及干物质分配的影响

以切花菊品种‘神马’(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat ‘Jinba’)为试材,于2010-2011年设计不同红光(R: (660 ±10) nm)与远红光(FR: (730±10)nm)比值(R/FR分别为0.5、2.5、4.5、6.5)的LED灯照射处理,研究不同R/FR值对温室切花菊形态指标、叶面积形成及干物质分配的影响。结果显示R/FR=2.5处理的植株叶片数、株高、茎粗、花径、叶面积及总干重均为各个处理中最高,R/FR=0.5处理的节间最长。所有R/FR处理的单株地上干物质重量与光质处理天数呈指数-线性模型。随处理天数的增加不同R/FR值处理菊花植株地上部分及地下部分干物质分配指数差异均不显著,叶片和花的干物质分配指数随处理天数的增加分别呈降低和升高的趋势,茎干物质分配指数则呈现先升高后降低的趋势,R/FR=2.5处理下,菊花叶片干物质分配指数和花干物质分配指数最高,而茎干物质分配指数却为最低;R/FR=6.5处理茎干物质分配指数最高,叶片干物质分配指数最低;0.5处理花朵干物质分配指数最低,说明远红光比例增加能够促进干物质向茎中分配,R/FR=2.5处理利于干物质向花朵中分配。     

轮作与施肥对滁菊连作土壤微生物特性的影响

为探讨轮作模式与生物有机肥施用对滁菊连作土壤微生物特性的影响,以滁菊、小麦为研究对象,采用田间试验,设置滁菊连作模式、常规滁菊小麦轮作模式和滁菊小麦轮作模式配施生物有机肥(200 kg·667 m-2)3种处理,测定土壤化学性状、土壤微生物量碳氮和土壤微生物数量指标.结果表明:与连作模式相比,常规菊麦轮作模式与菊麦轮作配施生物有机肥模式的土壤pH值,有机质、碱解氮、速效磷与速效钾含量,土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)、碳(MBC)、微生物熵,以及土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量增加,土壤MBC/MBN值和真菌占三大菌群总量的比值降低.在试验条件下,以滁菊小麦轮作配施200 kg·667 m-2生物有机肥效果最佳,土壤有机质含量为15.62 g·kg-1,碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别达到为64.75、83.26和96.72 mg·kg-1,微生物生物量氮、碳为217.40和38.41 mg · kg-1,细菌、真菌、放线菌数量分别为22.31×106、56.36×103、15.90×105 cfu·g-1.合理轮作和增施生物有机肥可改善土壤酸化状况、土壤肥力和土壤微生物群落结构,增加土壤养分有效供给,对减轻连作障碍具有积极作用.