嗜盐放线菌资源及次生代谢产物研究进展

嗜盐放线菌是重要的极端微生物资源,因其独特的生长环境、生理机制而备受关注。本文对嗜盐放线菌的定义、生物多样性及次生代谢产物的研究进展进行综述。结合我国嗜盐放线菌的研究现状,分析尚存在的问题及其发展前景。     

植物内生放线菌的选择性分离

[目的]更好地发掘内生菌资源,建立有效的植物内生放线菌分离方法.[方法]比较不同消毒剂和消毒程序、样品预处理、选择性分离培养基等分离内生放线菌的效果,通过形态及16S rRNA基因序列分析进行菌种鉴定.[结果]用5％的次氯酸钠处理样品4-7 min消毒效果最好;100℃处理样品15 min能较好地减少真菌和细菌的干扰.丙酸钠、琥珀酸钠等培养基分离放线菌出菌率较高且类群多样性丰富.[结论]植物样品表面消毒干燥后,100℃处理15 min,用无菌搅拌杯打碎,直接撒植物于分离培养基中的分离方法效果较好.     

Large plasmids in an actinomycete

Abstract Using a modified procedure large indigenous plasmids were detected in cells of three strains belonging to a group of phenotypically similar actinomycetes isolated from the rhizoplane and root nodules of Alnus spp. M _r values of the plasmids were estimated to be about 80 · 10⁶ and 120 · 10⁶. The plasmid profiles of different strains of the group were found to be almost identical. This remarkable plasmid similarly is discussed in relation to the common source of isolation.     

Isolation and partial characterization of pigment-like antibiotics produced by a new strain of Streptosporangium isolated from an Algerian soil

AIMS: Identification of a new actinomycete strain Sg3, belonging to the genus Streptosporangium and partial characterization of the produced antibacterial activities. METHODS AND RESULTS: The strain Sg3 was isolated from an Algerian Saharan soil and identified by morphological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses to the genus Streptosporangium. The comparison of its physiological characteristics with those of known species of Streptosporangium showed significant differences with the nearest species Streptosporangium carneum. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence of strain Sg3 showed a similarity level ranging between 97% and 98.8% within Streptosporangium species, with S. carneum the most closely related. Strain Sg3 showed a red coloured antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria on several culture media. The purification of the red pigment by chromatographic methods led to the isolation of three active products. The (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass, infrared (IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) data of these molecules strongly suggested that they belonged to the quinone-anthracycline group with three or more rings. CONCLUSIONS: Strain Sg3 represents a distinct phyletic line suggesting a new genomic species. It produces antibacterial activities identified as quinone-anthracycline aromatics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The quinone-anthracycline antibiotics are known for their antimicrobial and antineoplastic activities and are used in chemotherapy for the treatment of many cancer diseases. The present work constitutes the first stage of a whole series of studies to be realized on these antibiotics before arriving at a possible application.     

Two Anthraquinone Compounds from a Marine Actinomycete Isolate M097 Isolated from Jiaozhou Bay

Two anthraquinone compounds were isolated from the culture broth of a marine actinomycete isolate M097. The structures were elucidated as Aloesaponarin II and 1,6-dihydroxy-8-hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone by detailed interpretation of their spectra. It is the first time that the latter has ever been reported as a secondary metabolite from a wild-type strain. The results showed that the actinomycete isolate M097 could be a promising material for studying the biosynthetic pathway of polyketides and the production of novel recombinant polyketides.     

Purification and properties of a keratinolytic metalloprotease from Microbacterium sp

AIMS: This study was developed to purify and to characterize a keratinolytic protease from the bacterium Microbacterium sp. strain kr10. METHODS AND RESULTS: Enzyme purification was carried out by sequential liquid chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and Q-Sepharose columns. The purification was about 255-fold, with a yield of 34%, as determined with azocasein as substrate. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated as 42,000 Da by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme had pH and temperature optima of 7.5 and 50 degrees C respectively. This keratinase was inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline, and analysis of metal content indicates that Zn(2+) and Mg(2+) are present. A 2(2) factorial design was developed to investigate the effect of keratinase and mercaptoacetate concentration on feather keratinolysis. Statistical analysis showed that both variables have a significant effect on hydrolysis of keratin. CONCLUSIONS: A new keratinase produced by Microbacterium sp. was purified and characterized. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This keratinolytic enzyme offers an interesting potential for the hydrolysis of keratin wastes to be used as feed supplement or bioconversion to added-value products.     

三七内生放线菌的分离及拮抗三七根腐病原活性研究

挖掘云南文山三七内生放线菌菌种资源以及对分离到的放线菌菌株进行三七根腐病病原菌的抗菌活性评价，为生物防治三七根腐病的发生、传播、有效治理及解决三七连作障碍和后续研究三七内生放线菌的代谢产物提供菌种资源。采用三种分离方法、六种分离培养基对文山两个产地三七全株植物进行内生放线菌分离，分离到的菌株通过16S rRNA基因扩增测序鉴定到属，通过琼脂扩散法对菌株发酵液进行抗菌活性初筛。共分离到56株内生放线菌，经形态特征初步排重后，选22株代表菌株进行16S rRNA基因扩增测序，并鉴定到属，其分属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、放线产孢菌属(Actinomycetospora)、拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis)、黄英菌属(Yinghuangia)四个属。对23株菌株发酵液进行抗菌活性初筛，14株菌株(60.87%)具有不同程度的抗菌活性，其中菌株S004、S006、S014、S016、S022、S042、S047、S053对三七根腐病病原菌有较好的抗菌活性，具备进一步深入研究的价值。本研究初步探索出适合三七内生放线菌分离的分离方法，获得一批三七内生放线菌菌种资源，并筛选出8株对...     

Nocardia aobensis Sp. Nov., isolated from patients in Japan

Five clinical isolates, strains IFM 0137, 0372(T), 0496, 0556, and 0952, were provisionally assigned to the genus Nocardia based on morphological criteria. Nearly complete 16S rDNA sequences were determined for these strains. These data showed that they are most similar to that of Nocardia africana, Nocardia cerradoensis and Nocardia veterana. However, DNA-DNA relatedness data showed that the five strains were of a single species and were distinguishable from N. africana, N. cerradoensis and N. veterana. Therefore, these strains represent a new species within the genus Nocardia. The designation of these five strains is Nocardia aobensis sp. nov. The type strain is IFM 0372(T) (=NBRC 100429(T)=JCM 12352(T)=DSM 44805(T)).     

Co-operative actions and degradation analysis of purified xylan-degrading enzymes from Thermomonospora fusca BD25 on oat-spelt xylan

AIMS: To determine and quantify the products from the degradation of xylan by a range of purified xylan-degrading enzymes, endoxylanase, beta-xylosidase and alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase produced extracellularly by Thermomonospora fusca BD25. METHODS AND RESULTS: The amounts of reducing sugars released from oat-spelt xylan by the actions of endoxylanase, beta-xylosidase and alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase were equal to 28.1, 4.6 and 7% hydrolysis (as xylose equivalents) of the substrate used, respectively. However, addition of beta-xylosidase and alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase preparation to endoxylanase significantly enhanced (70 and 20% respectively) the action of endoxylanase on the substrate. The combination of purified endoxylanase, beta-xylosidase and alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase preparations produced a greater sugar yield (58.6% hydrolysis) and enhanced the total reducing sugar yield by around 50%. The main xylooligosaccharide products released using the action of endoxylanase alone on oat-spelt xylan were identified as xylobiose and xylopentose. alpha-l-Arabinofuranosidase was able to release arabinose and xylobiose from oat-spelt xylan. In the presence of all three purified enzymes the hydrolysis products of oat-spelt xylan were mainly xylose, arabinose and substituted xylotetrose with lesser amount of substituted xylotriose. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of the beta-xylosidase and alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase enzymes to purified xylanases more than doubled the degradation of xylan from 28 to 58% of the total substrate with xylose and arabinose being the major sugars produced. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results highlight the role of xylan de-branching enzymes in the degradation of xylan and suggest that the use of enzyme cocktails may significantly improve the hydrolysis of xylan in industrial processes.     

A facile transphosphatidylation reaction using a culture supernatant of actinomycetes directly as a phospholipase D catalyst with a chelating agent

An attempt was made to use the phospholipase D (PLD)- containing culture supernatants of actinomycetes directly as catalysts for the transphosphatidylation reaction of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in a biphasic system. Of the five actinomycetes (three Streptomyces sp. and two Streptoverticillium sp.) examined, three (St. mediocidicus, Stv. cinnamoneum and Stv. hachijoense) exhibited good PLD production performance, but the selectivity (ratio of transphosphatidylation to hydrolysis) of the PLDs in the culture supernatant of all three actinomycetes were significantly low. However, the addition of EDTA to the reaction mixture as a chelating agent remarkably improved the selectivity of the PLDs, which approached 100% in all the culture supernatants. Commercially available PLDs were also investigated and classified into two types. The PLDs of one type had high selectivity and no metal was required for the enzyme activity, while those of the other type showed low selectivity and a metal was necessary for the enzyme to be activated. From this finding, it was considered that the culture supernatants used in this study contained several PLDs of both types. When the chelating agent was added to the reaction mixture, the hydrolysis due to PLDs with low selectivity was suppressed by removal of the essential metal, resulting in an increased in the overall selectivity of the PLDs in the culture supernatant. Repeated batch transphosphatidylation reactions were performed 20 times, reusing the PLDs in the aqueous phase by centrifugation; the reaction rate gradually decreased to 60% of that of batch 1 by batch 20. This suggests that the transphosphatidylation reaction using a culture supernatant has potential for industrial application. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.