Cycloheximide resistance in Chinese hamster cells. II. Induction of Chm resistance in Chinese hamster cells by N-nitrosomethylurea.

Mutant Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells with a resistance to 7-10(-7) and 8-10(-7) M cycloheximide (CHM) were induced at mutation rates of 1.9-5.2-10(-3) and 1.6-1.8-10(-3) respectively after treatment with N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) at 100 mug/ml. The induced mutation rates differed by two orders of magnitude from the spontaneous rate of mutation to CHM resistance.     

基于随机森林法的山核桃林地土壤速效养分含量空间分布特征研究

土壤氮磷钾是土壤肥力管理的重要元素,是植物生长的必要养分元素。对土壤氮磷钾的空间分布进行特征解译,可为精准管理临安山核桃产区林地土壤肥力,促进山核桃林产业可持续发展提供理论依据。研究以临安山核桃主产区为研究区域,利用随机森林（RF）、普通克里格（OK）和Shapley加性解释（SHAP）方法,结合地形因子、气候因子、土壤因子、遥感因子等环境变量,对山核桃林地土壤碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）的空间分布特征进行分析。研究结果表明：相比于OK模型,基于环境协变量所构建的RF模型对AN、AP和AK含量空间分布预测表现最佳,R²分别为0.68、0.60和0.64,均方根误差（RMSE）分别为20.005、10.287和22.426,平均绝对误差（MAE）分别为15.425、7.709 和21.628。RF模型SHAP分析显示,AN和AK含量分布主要受土壤有机质（SOM）的影响,并且SOM与AN和AK存在正相关性;AP主要受pH的影响,其次为色调指数,AP与pH和色调指数均具有负相关性;AK和AP同时受到海拔和坡向的影响。两种模型预测的氮磷钾空间分布趋势总体相似,不同速效养分存在明显的空间异质性。碱解氮高值区域主要分布于研究区东部;有效磷高值区域主要分布于研究区西部,但分散度高;速效钾高值区域则主要分布于研究区中部。总体而言,基于随机森林模型可以高精度模拟山核桃林地土壤氮磷钾含量空间分布特征,并依据主要环境协变量对土壤氮磷钾的影响关系,提出相应改良措施。在有效磷含量低值区域可以施用石灰来缓解土壤酸化,同时补追磷肥;碱解氮含量高值区域可以合理减少氮肥施用;速效钾含量低值区域合理施加钾肥;对于海拔较高及迎风坡多降雨的区域,可以构建林下高效水土保持植被,减轻水土流失;在林地施用有机肥料,改善土壤理化性质,增加土壤养分含量。     

根际微生态调控白菜根肿病发生的机制研究进展

白菜根肿病是由芸薹根肿菌(Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron)引起的一种常见土传病害,主要危害白菜的根部。根际是土壤-植物-微生物相互作用最活跃的关键微域,根际微生态系统中的微生物失衡是导致土传病害的重要因素,深入探究根际微生态与土传病害互作机制,有利于从根际微生物、抑病物质和功能代谢等方面挖掘防控土传病害安全高效的方法。本文综述了根际微生态与白菜根肿病的发生机制关系,从该病害的危害、发生的根际微生态机制及生防菌防治研究等方面综合分析了根际微生物调控白菜根肿病发生的机制,以期为白菜根肿病防控、促进土壤健康和维持根际微生态系统稳定提供理论依据。     

中国东部暖温带地区土壤中的蠕形菌

在调查研究中国东部暖温带地区土壤中暗色丝孢菌过程中,采用稀释平板法和土壤颗粒平板法分离获得100余株蠕形菌的分离物。经纯化培养后,依据形态特征鉴定为3属21种,其中虎尾草平脐蠕孢[Bipolaris chlorides (Alcon) Alcon]和小柄凸脐蠕孢[Exserohilum pedicellatum (Henry) Leonard & Suggs]为中国新记录种。文中列出了各蠕形菌的种名、采集地、土样号以及菌株号,对2个新记录种进行了详细描述。所有活菌株及干制培养物保存在山东农业大学植物病理系标本室(HSAUP)。     

Development of an eDNA metabarcoding tool for surveying the world’s largest amphibian

Due to the overexploitation of farming, as well as habitat destruction, the wild population of Chinese giant salamander (CGS) Andrias davidianus, a species with seven genetically distinct lineages, has decreased by over 80% in the past 70 years. Traditional survey methods have proven to be unsuitable for finding this rare and elusive species. We evaluated the efficacy of environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling to detect CGS indirectly from its aquatic environment. We developed several species-specific primer sets; validated their specificity and sensitivity; and assessed their utility in silico, in the laboratory, and at two field sites harboring released farm-bred CGS. We detected the presence of CGS DNA by using polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. We also sequenced an amplicon mixture of seven haplotype-represented samples using high-throughput sequencing. Our eDNA methods could detect the presence of CGS at moderate densities reported across its range, proving them as a cost-effective way to establish broad-scale patterns of occupancy for CGS. In addition, our primers enabled the detection of mitochondrial lineage mixture or introduced individuals from geographically isolated populations of CGS.     

凋落物添加和移除对杉木人工林土壤水解酶活性及其化学计量比的影响

土壤生态酶化学计量比可用于评估微生物碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)养分的需求状况。以往从凋落物输入量变化对生态酶化学计量比的角度来探讨杉木人工林土壤养分状况的研究较少。以亚热带杉木人工林为研究对象,采用随机区组实验设计,对12块杉木人工林样地进行3种凋落物处理(凋落物添加(LA);凋落物移除(LR);对照(CK)),通过测定土壤C、N和P水解酶(β-葡糖苷酶(BG)、半纤维素酶(CB)、β-乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和酸性磷酸酶(AP))的活性及土壤理化性质,探讨凋落物添加和移除对杉木人工林土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明:LR显著抑制了AP、BG、CB、NAG和LAP活性,同时降低了土壤含水量(SMC)、有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有效氮含量;而LA对以上指标均存在显著的正效应,表明凋落物输入量变化主要是通过改变土壤水分和养分状况来影响水解酶的活性。LR和CK处理下土壤酶活性比ln(BG+CB):ln(AP)和ln(NAG+LAP):ln(AP)均低于全球尺度上土壤酶活性比ln(BG+CB):ln(AP)(0.62)和ln(NAG+LAP):ln...     

黑曲霉单宁酶高活性菌株的诱变选育*

以黑曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ ｎｈｉｇｅｒ）Ｎｏ．１３为出发菌株,经紫外线诱变处理,获得一株制备原生质体的起始菌,该菌株单宁酶活性比Ｎｏ．１３提高５５％,并对其制备原生质体的条件进行了研究,在优化方案基础上,紫外诱变原生质体,诱变株经筛选,最后得到一株具有稳定遗传性的单宁酶高活性菌株,在摇瓶培养基中进行生物转化实验,连续传代１０次,结果显示发酵液中没食子酸浓度始 维持在２２．８－２３．９ｍｇ／     

Chronic cholesterol depletion increases F-actin levels and induces cytoskeletal reorganization via a dual mechanism

Previous work from us and others has suggested that cholesterol is an important lipid in the context of the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. However, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton upon modulation of membrane cholesterol is rarely addressed in the literature. In this work, we explored the signaling crosstalk between cholesterol and the actin cytoskeleton by using a high-resolution confocal microscopic approach to quantitatively measure changes in F-actin content upon cholesterol depletion. Our results show that F-actin content significantly increases upon chronic cholesterol depletion, but not during acute cholesterol depletion. In addition, utilizing inhibitors targeting the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway at different steps, we show that reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton could occur due to the synergistic effect of multiple pathways, including prenylated Rho GTPases and availability of membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. These results constitute one of the first comprehensive dissections of the mechanistic basis underlying the interplay between cellular actin levels and cholesterol biosynthesis. We envision these results will be relevant for future understating of the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in pathological conditions with altered cholesterol.     

用微生态的观点看中药有效成分在肠道的生物转化

微生态学与中医学的观点是极为相似的,中药有效成分口服后,被肠道微生物进行生物转化,药效会得到减弱或者增强。对肠道微生物转化中药有效成分与肠道微生态平衡关系的研究,将是解释中药作用机制不可忽略的一条途径。