Physiological and biochemical changes during organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis of HBsAg-transgenic cherry tomato mutant

Leaf explants of the HBsAg-transgenic cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium, supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.05 mg/L IAA for callus induction, to clarify the physiological and biochemical characteristics of morphogenesis development. Therefore, the physiological and biochemical changes during the development of organogenic shoots and somatic embryos in the mutant were studied. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of the mutant had only one peak value on the 21st day. Peroxidase (POD) activities of the mutant declined less sharply since the explants were cultured. IAA oxidase activity of the mutant increased steadily until 42 days from culturing and then decreased sharply. Malondialdehyde (MDA) of the mutant showed a significant decreasing trend after 21 days from culturing. Growth rate of the mutant was at times lower than that of the control during its callus differentiation, and the soluble protein content of the mutant callus decreased from explant cultivation until the 28th day of culture. The mutant had greater values of chlorophyll a, carotenoid and Chlorophyll contents than the control after 14 days of culturing, and Chlorophyll b content of the mutant showed a declining trend. The electrical conductivity trend of the mutant was consistent with that in the control. It indicated that in terms of the organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis pattern, protein synthesis and catabolism were very active, and a number of antioxidant enzyme activities were consistent in the early development stages of the two regeneration systems. These findings were useful for the regeneration of the mutant.     

Effects of sucrose concentrations and fly age on feeding responses and survival of female and male western cherry fruit flies, Rhagoletis indifferens

Abstract. The effects of single meals of different sucrose concentrations on feeding responses and survival of 8–24-h-old, 1–2-, 10–12- and 31–36-day-old female and male western cherry fruit flies, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, were determined. Feeding time and food consumption response patterns in both sexes within age groups were curvilinear. Feeding times increased as sucrose concentrations increased, and were longest when the sucrose concentration was 100% (dry). Consumption of dilute wet sucrose was low, whereas consumption of concentrated wet sucrose was high. However, consumption of dry, 100% sucrose was also low. One to 2-day-old flies of both sexes that had not previously fed consumed more sucrose foods than unfed 8–24-h-old flies and 10–12- and 31–36-day-old flies that had been starved for 16–24 h. Females consumed more than males, but they consumed the same amount as males per mg bodyweight. When fed single 20% and 60% sucrose meals, 1–2-day-old flies survived longer compared to flies in all other age groups, with 31–36-day-old flies surviving shortest. Despite age-related differences in survival, in general, no sex differences in survival were seen in flies fed sucrose within any age groups, or in flies fed sucrose-yeast, cherry juice and honeydew foods. The results suggest that sugar-feeding behaviours and the energy invested in sugar 'seeking' by both sexes of R. indifferens should be the same throughout life.     

Genotyping cherry cultivars assigned to incompatibility groups, by analysing stylar ribonucleases

Seventy cultivars of Prunus avium that had been assigned to incompatibility groups or to the O group of universal donors, primarily by the John Innes Institute, were analysed for stylar ribonucleases to check or determine their incompatibility, S, alleles. Three ’new’ bands were detected and ascribed to new alleles S ₁₂ to S ₁₄ . For most of the groups that had previously been genotyped most of the cultivars had the genotypes expected, although various exceptions were found. In group VIII none of the cultivars tested had the correct genotype of S ₂ S ₅ but this genotype occurred in ’Malling Black Eagle’. For the three groups not previously genotyped we assigned genotypes: group X, S ₆ S ₉ ; group XI, S ₂ S ₇ ; and group XII S ₆ S ₁₃ . We confirmed group XIV, which had been rejected by Canadian work. Group O comprised a range of genotypes. In collating these results and those of our previous ribonuclease studies we propose five new groups: group XV, S ₅ S ₆ ; group XVI, S ₃ S ₉ ; group XVII, S ₄ S ₆ ; group XVIII, S ₁ S ₉ ; and group XIX, S ₃ S ₁₃ . Several predictions were confirmed by test crossing; thus the three members of the proposed group XV, ’Colney’, ’Erianne’ and ’Zweitfruhe’, were cross-incompatible, as were the two members of proposed group XVIII, ’Norbury’s Early Black’ and ’Smoky Dun.’ Received: 25 March 2000 / Accepted: 12 January 2001     

Gibberellin A3 stimulates adventitious rooting of cuttings from cherry (Prunus avium)

We have examined the effect of exogenous gibberellin A₃(GA₃) on adventitious rooting of Prunus avium(cherry) cultivars Stella, F12/1 and Charger. We show that GA₃pre-treatment of P. avium stock plants causes an increasein shoot growth rate and also improves the rooting of cuttings subsequentlytaken from the treated plants. Approximately 37% of cuttings from controlshootsrooted, whereas the percentage rooting could be increased to 80% or more withGA₃ pre-treatment. The number of roots per rooted cutting was alsoincreased by GA₃ pre-treatment. The stimulation of adventitiousrooting could be partially explained by the increase in shoot growth rate.Cultivar Charger responded better than the other cultivars to the lowest levelof GA₃ treatment. In vitro cultures of cultivarCharger were also treated with GA₃. However, the stimulation ofadventitious rooting was less marked than in the GA₃-treated stockplants: percentage rooting increased from 70% to 85%. The results are discussedin the context of 'rejuvenation' effects of GA₃.     

Re-examination of (in)compatibility genotypes of two John Innes self-compatible sweet cherry selections

The (in)compatibility genotypes of two self-compatible sweet cherry selections, JI 2420 and JI 2434, originating from the John Innes Institute were re-examined. The selections and seedlings derived from them were analysed for stylar ribonucleases, which are known to correlate with S alleles, and the outcome of test crosses was recorded. JI 2420, which had been reported previously as S ₃ S ₄ ", where " indicates loss of pollen activity, was deduced to have the genotype S ₄ S ₄ ’. For JI 2434, which had been reported previously as S ₃ S ₄ ⁰ , S ₃ S ₃ ⁰ or S ₃ S ₃ ", where ⁰ indicates loss of pollen and stylar activity, two different clones were identified. One, at East Malling, was deduced to be S ₃ "S ₄ ; the other, at Ahrensburg, appeared to be S ₃ S ₃ " or S ₃ S ₃ ⁰ . Received: 28 October 1999 / Accepted: 24 November 1999     

Complete genome sequence analysis of duck circovirus strains from Cherry Valley duck

To investigate molecular epidemiology of DuCV in Cherry Valley ducks in China,the complete genomes of six DuCV strains,which were detected from Cherry Valley ducks in China between 2007 and 2008,were s...     

樱桃根癌土壤杆菌及其对土壤杆菌素84敏感性的研究

从山东、河北、辽宁等地樱桃园的樱桃冠瘿瘤和土壤样品中分离到46株根瘤土壤杆菌。经鉴定有4株是Agrobacteriumtumefaciens（原生物型1）,其余42株是A.rhizogenes（原生物型2）。这些菌株所诱导的冠瘿瘤中均合成胭脂碱（nopaline）,属胭脂碱型Ti质粒的根癌土壤杆菌,并对放射土壤杆菌K84菌株所产生的土壤杆菌素84敏感。由于K84菌株对含胭脂碱Ti质粒的根癌土壤杆菌有很好的抑制效果,因此,用K84菌株防治樱桃根癌病是有应用前景的．     

Change in flowering dates of Japanese Cherry Blossoms (P. yedoensis Mats.) on campus of Wuhan University and its relationship with variability of winter temperature

Change in first-flowering dates and its correlation with climatic factors was mainly analyzed, and several predicting models for the first-flowering dates were established based on the flowering dates of Japanese Cherry Blossoms (P. yedoensis Mats.) during 1947–2008 on campus of Wuhan University and the climatic data in the same period. The results show that: 1) in 1947–2000, the first-flowering dates advanced with 2.17 d per decade, with an overall trend of 11.72 d in the 54 years, the fading dates were postponed for only 1.83 d in the same period, and the florescence duration increased by 13.55 d; 2) the first-flowering dates have negative correlation with monthly average temperature from December to March. The increasing winter (from December to February) temperature is the main reason for the advancement of the first-flowering dates. Per 1°C increase in average temperature of February and wintertime makes the first-flowering dates advance by 1.66 d and 2.86 d, respectively; 3) some statistical models of the first-flowering dates were built up with average temperature of February and wintertime based on the data during 1947–2000, and they are detected independently during 2001–2008.     

中国樱桃品种经济性状的综合评判

本文运用灰色系统理论,对安徽省的名特产果树之一——太和樱桃的6个主要品种的经济性状,与江苏省樱桃主栽品种东塘樱桃和浙江樱桃主栽品种短柄樱桃的经济性状一起,进行综合评判．结果表明,安徽省发展中国樱桃应以大鹰紫甘桃为主,以二鹰红仙桃和金红桃为辅,也可适当引种东塘樱桃和短柄樱桃．     

CO2 enrichment using CRAM fermentation improves growth,physiological traits and yield of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in greenhouses is sub-optimal for vegetable production. Many techniques have been used to increase CO₂ concentration in greenhouses but most of them are expensive with certain limitations and drawbacks. We adopted a new strategy to elevate CO₂ concentration in the greenhouse throughout the day via crop residues and animal manure composting (CRAM). During the whole cultivation period, CRAM-treated greenhouse had doubled CO₂ concentration which significantly increased the yield of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), i.e., up to 38%. The influence of CRAM procedure on cherry tomato quality was also investigated and the concentrations of total soluble solids (TSS) and soluble sugar were found to be significantly higher in cherry tomatoes grown under composting greenhouse than that of non-composting greenhouse. Additionally, CRAM-CO₂ enrichment also resulted in increased concentrations of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and titrate acid as compared to control. In contrast, the concentration of nitrate was considerably decreased in cherry tomato grown under CO₂ enriched condition than that of control. The increase in active oxygen metabolisms such as POD, CAT and SOD while a decrease in MDA, as well as APX was observed for cherry tomatoes grown under CO₂ enriched condition. Hence, CO₂ fertilization by using CRAM in greenhouse significantly improved quality and increased the yield of cherry tomatoes.