帮扶式体系托管城乡中医药一体化管理模式的实践

为了着力改变基层中医药资源匮乏现状,促进优质中医药资源下沉,实现中医药人才、管理和技术等要素的整合与流动,切实提升基层中医药服务能力,为百姓提供更方便、更规范、更有效的中医医疗、预防、保健服务。积极探索,根据我国国情,结合成都市新都区的实际,提出了帮扶式体系托管城乡中医药服务一体化管理新模式,并在实践中取得了初步成效。     

The effects of light and noise from urban development on biodiversity: Implications for protected areas in Australia

Global population growth and associated urban development are having profound effects on biodiversity. Two major outcomes of expanding development that affect wildlife are light and noise pollution. In this paper, we review literature reporting the effects of light and noise on biodiversity, and assess implications for conservation planning in Australia. Our results clearly indicate that light and noise pollution have the potential to affect the physiology, behaviour and reproduction of a range of animal taxa. Types of effects include changes in foraging and reproductive behaviours, reduction in animal fitness, increased risk of predation and reduced reproductive success. These could have flow‐on consequences at the population and ecosystem levels. We found a significant gap in knowledge of the impact of these pollutants on Australian fauna. To reduce the effect of light and noise pollution, there needs to be careful planning of urban areas in relation to protected areas, and for biodiversity more generally. Potential measures include strategically planning the types of development and associated human activities adjacent to protected areas, and the use of shields and barriers, such as covers for lights or the use of dense native vegetation screens, while still allowing movement of animals. Changes in government standards and regulations could also help to reduce the impacts of light and noise pollution.     

Distribution of Enteric Pathogens in Wastewater Secondary Effluent and Safety Analysis for Urban Water Reuse

Through a 1-year monitoring of enteroviruses and pathogenic bacteria in the secondary effluent using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), the pathogen removal requirement was evaluated for safeguarding the reclaimed water quality for urban reuse. The distribution of each pathogen in the secondary effluent was found to follow a log-normal relationship, although 50% cumulative concentrations differed much from each other (1.4 GEC/L of infectious enteroviruses, 3.1 × 10² CFU/L of Salmonella typhi, 1.0 × 10³ CFU/L of Shigella, and 3.3 × 10⁵ CFU/L of Escherichia coli). By exposure analysis regarding two reuse scenarios (golf course irrigation and recreational impoundment), risks were analyzed for pathogens in reused water based on monitoring data and dose–response relation. For enteroviruses and pathogenic bacteria, there were obvious differences in the relationship between the reliability and removal efficiency. Under an acceptable annual risk level (10^–4/a), the pathogen removal requirement depends on the manner of water reuse. In the golf course irrigation, the removal efficiency of enteroviruses, Salmonella typhi, Shigella, and Escherichia coli reach to 3.8～4.0-log, 1.4-log, 3.3-log, and 2.0-log, respectively, in order to ensure 95% reliability. However, if wastewater is reused for recreational impoundment, only a further increase around 1.5-log removal efficiency of pathogens can meet the requirement for the same reliability.     

太湖常见浮叶植物和沉水植物的光合荧光特性比较

利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING-PAM),原位观测太湖常见的水生植物菱、荇菜、苦草、黑藻的最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)及在暗适应和光适应条件下的快速光曲线.结果表明:浮叶植物菱和荇菜光系统Ⅱ的潜在最大光合作用能力高于沉水植物苦草和黑藻,其最大量子产量分别为0.837、0.831、0.684和0.764;菱和荇菜的最大电子传递速率、半饱和光强分别高于沉水植物苦草和黑藻,且在光适应条件下尤为显著.     

围垦滩涂湿地旱生耐盐植物的入侵和影响

以上海市崇明东滩1998年围垦湿地为例,基于彩红外航片的景观格局分析以及样地群落调查,分析了湿地人工排水后,旱生耐盐植物在湿地原生芦苇群落中的入侵和影响.结果表明：以碱菀为建群种的旱生耐盐植物群落在围垦湿地区从东北向西南扩散,速度达143 m·a^-1,原生芦苇斑块迅速收缩、破碎,缀块密度指数和形状指数分别增长22.7倍和1.3倍;2006和2007年两个生长季后群落中碱菀生物量高达2783.8 g·m^-2,占群落总生物量的98％,重要值达88%;芦苇生物量和重要值则分别下降98％和83%.表明侵入过程与地下0～20 cm土壤水分和土壤盐度密切相关.应深入研究旱生耐盐植物的侵入机制,探讨合理、动态的湿地排水管理策略,以便控制旱生耐盐植物群落的迅速入侵.     

落叶松人工林土壤热传导季节变化及其与环境因子的关系

以2003—2005年落叶松人工林土壤热状况的实际监测数据为基础,研究了其土壤热传导特性及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明：落叶松人工林不同年份、不同地点土壤热通量的季节变化十分明显,4—8月为正值,9月至次年3月的绝大部分时间为负值,其年收支基本处于平衡状态.土壤热通量和土壤热导率（k）受净辐射影响显著,并存在时间延迟效应,冬季为4～5 h,夏季为2～3 h.基于实测的土壤热通量和土壤温度差计算得到的k值早春季节显著高于其他季节（P<0.05）,而其他月份不存在显著差异(P>0.05).使用我国大多数气象观测站积累的土壤温差数据和 k值进行土壤热通量季节变化估计时,早春季节（3—5月）可能会产生较大的误差.     

Effects of sequential depositional basins on lake response to urban and agricultural pollution: a palaeoecological analysis of the Qu'Appelle Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada

1. Palaeolimnological analyses of fossil diatoms and pigments were conducted in four lakes of the Qu'Appelle Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada, to quantify the effect of upstream depositional basins on lake response to urban and agricultural human activities. Pasqua, Echo, Mission and Katepwa lakes exhibit similar modern limnological characteristics, lie sequentially downstream from urban point sources of growth‐limiting nitrogen (N), yet drain similarly large areas of farmland (38–40 × 10³ km²). 2. Analyses indicated that all lakes were naturally productive, contained eutrophic diatoms (i.e. Stephanodiscus niagarae, S. hantzchii, S. parvus and Aulacoseira granulata), and supported blooms of colonial (as myxoxanthophyll) and potentially toxic N‐fixing cyanobacteria (aphanizophyll), even prior to the onset of European settlement (ca. 1890) and urban development (ca. 1930). 3. The onset of agricultural practices ca. 1890 had only modest effects on algal communities in the Qu'Appelle lakes, with subtle increases in eutrophic diatom species (Pasqua, Mission and Katepwa lakes) and 25–50% increases in pigment‐inferred algal abundance (Echo, Mission and Katepwa lakes). 4. Despite naturally high production, total algal abundance (β‐carotene) in upstream Pasqua Lake increased by more than 350% after intense urbanization beginning ca. 1930, while eutrophic diatoms became more common and cyanobacteria populations increased ten‐fold. Principal components analysis (PCA) explained 64% of diatom variance, and identified three eras corresponding to baseline, pre‐agricultural communities (1776–1890), an era of high production (ca. 1925–1960) and recent variable community composition following tertiary treatment of urban sewage (ca. 1977–1990). 5. Analyses of three downstream lakes demonstrated that urban impacts following 1930 remained evident in fossil profiles of β‐carotene and myxoxanthophyll, but that large blooms of N‐fixing cyanobacteria were restricted to the past 25 years at downstream Mission and Katepwa lakes. Similarly, PCA showed that fossil diatom assemblages exhibited little directional variation until the 1970s. 6. Together, these analyses support the hypothesis that upstream lakes were effective at reducing the impacts of point‐source urban nutrients on downstream lakes. In contrast, diffuse agricultural activities had only limited impacts on water quality and these were less well ameliorated by upstream basins.     

珠江口南沙河涌浮游植物群落结构时空变化及其与环境因子的关系

随着城市生态健康理念的提出,城市河涌生态健康也受到了前所未有的关注。为更好的了解河涌的水环境和浮游植物现状,于2015年3月至2016年2月对珠江口南沙河涌8个站位水环境和浮游植物群落结构进行调查。结果显示:共发现浮游植物164种(属),隶属7门73属,其中以绿藻种类最多,达33属79种,占48.17%;硅藻次之,17属41种,占25%。优势种为梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、假鱼腥藻属(Pseudanabaena sp.)和小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)。浮游植物细胞密度在0.19×10~6—101.34×10~6个/L内变动,呈现单峰型,在4月发生拟菱形弓形藻(Schroederia nitzschioides)水华,14涌密度高达87.38×10~6个/L,随后因强降雨细胞密度骤降。浮游植物群落的季节演替基本符合PEG(Plankton Ecology Group)模型,从冬季的硅藻,到春夏季的绿藻,再到秋季的蓝藻。One-way ANOVA分析显示,各月份浮游植物细胞密度差异显著(P0.01)。Pearson相关性分析表明绿藻细胞丰度变化主导着浮游植物总丰度的变化(r=0.454,P0.01)。运用Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon物种多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数对水体进行评价表明,调查水体呈中度污染。相关加权营养状态指数表明,河涌全年处于富营养化状态。浮游植物聚类分析表明,时间异质性较高,总体相似性较低;空间上相似性较高,人为活动可能是导致空间差异的关键因子。冗余分析显示,叶绿素a、溶解氧、盐度、水温、总氮和p H与浮游植物群落结构关系最为密切。p H对硅藻门浮游植物影响较大,碱性条件适宜直链藻生长,春季水华形成的驱动因子是盐度、温度和总氮。     

基于生态网络效用的城市碳代谢空间分析——以杭州为例

城市碳排放占全球碳排放总量的78%,通过模拟生物代谢来剖析城市碳代谢机理从而控制城市碳排放是缓解全球气候变暖危机的关键。为研究杭州城市化过程中土地利用变化对城市碳代谢的综合作用,以4个时间段(1995—2000,2000—2005,2005—2010,2010—2015)为例,建立了一个"碳流"模型来分析城市生态系统中自然和人工分室在城市碳代谢正负"碳流"产生中的作用,之后利用生态网络效用方法分析"碳流"产生的生态关系及其空间分布,同时利用互惠指数M综合评价土地利用变化对城市碳代谢的综合作用。结果显示(1)净"碳流"在研究期间持续呈现负值且在2000—2005年间达到峰值,负"碳流"主要源自耕地与工业用地之间的转换,正"碳流"主要源自工业用地与城市用地之间的转换。(2)1995—2000年互惠指数(M)呈现先增加后减少再增加的变化趋势,M平均值小于1,说明土地利用变化对城市碳代谢的综合作用是消极的。(3)竞争关系集聚在高负碳代谢密度分室,互惠共生关系主要集聚在高正碳代谢密度分室。(4)从1995—2000至2010—2015,以每5年为时间间隔,生态关系分布空间变化如下:掠夺限制生态关系呈现向西北、西南和南部方向蔓延—西北方向移动—东南方向移动的变化趋势,竞争生态关系呈现东南方向移动—南部和西北部方向蔓延—零星分布的变化趋势,互惠共生生态关系呈现向东南方向移动—暂时不存在—零星分布的变化趋势。研究结果为低碳城市发展提供了理论依据。     

城市碳代谢过程研究进展

碳代谢过程分析是城市代谢研究的重要环节,而通过土地利用/覆盖的空间调整优化城市碳代谢过程已成为区域可持续发展的关键。利用城市代谢思想,本文综述了城市碳代谢过程核算、碳代谢网络模拟、碳代谢过程与土地利用/覆盖变化关系分析、碳代谢空间格局演替等方面的内容,并指出了当前研究中存在着空间属性表达缺乏、核算/模拟结果较难直接应用于实践调控、自然和社会经济代谢过程难以并重考虑等问题。在此基础上,提出了此领域未来发展预期:(1)基于土地流转,将碳排放/碳吸收垂向流映射到碳存量变化的水平流,以"存量"变化推导出网络"流量"分布,实现节点、流互动关系的空间表达,构建时空维度碳代谢网络模型;(2)强调自然节点在城市碳代谢网络中的重要作用,形成社会经济节点与自然节点并重的生态网络模型,有效服务于城市规划及设计。