A blue chemiluminescence in the reaction of umbelliferone with hypochlorite

A strongly fluorescing 7-hydroxycoumarin (umbelliferone, U) oxidized in dilute (10 μmol/L-0, 1 mol/L) aqueous solution with CIO^? or CIO^? + H₂O₂ (but not with H₂O₂ alone) produces a strong chemiluminescence (CL). Light emission kinetics depends on the pH of solution (4.0–10.5) and the reaction has a low activation energy E_a = 31 ± 2 kJ/mol (285–310 K). The spectrum covers the fluorescence of umbelliferone (400–550 nm, λ_max 460nm). No red emission typical of ¹Δg, ¹Σ⁺g (O₂)₂ is observed either in the umbelliferone +CIO^? or the umbelliferone +CIO^? + H₂O₂ solution. The possible mechanism of CL and concomitant degradative oxidation of umbelliferone is discussed.     

Phospholipase D-dependent and-independent activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase

Stimulation of the respiratory burst of human neutrophils by fMet-Leu-Phe (in the absence of cytochalasin B) is largely unaffected when the activities of protein kinase C and phospholipase D are inhibited. This has been confirmed using three separate assays to measure the respiratory burst. However, whilst these enzymes are not required for the initiation or maximal rate of oxidant generation, they are required to sustain oxidase activity. In contrast, in the presence of cytochalasin B, fMet-Leu-Phe stimulated oxidase activity is much more dependent on phospholipase D activity. It is proposed that (in the absence of cytochalasin B) activation of the NADPH oxidase utilises cytochrome b molecules that are already present on the plasma membrane and activation occurs independently of phospholipase D and protein kinase C. Once these complexes are inactivated, then new cytochrome b molecules must be recruited from sub-cellular stores. This translocation and/or activation of these molecules is phospholipase D dependent. Some support for this model comes from the finding that the translocation of CD11b (which co-localises with cytochrome b) onto the cell surface is phospholipase D dependent.Abbreviations GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor - fMet-Leu-Phe N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine luminol 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, O₂,-superoxide radical     

Automation and computerization of chemiluminescence: A new methodological approach in the study of human phagocytes

Peripheral blood phagocytic cells (PMNLs) are activated by contact with opsonized particles. Metabolic activation of PMNLs is associated with a remarkable increase in the respiratory burst and generates high energy oxygen compounds which are responsible for the bactericidal activity of PMNLs and for their ability to produce luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL). The CL phenomenon is measured by an automated and computerized photoluminometer (Berthold LB950) in whole blood stimulated with opsonized zymosan. This whole blood method of CL measurement has been applied to the study of the phagocytic process and to the investigation of cellular and humoral abnormalities in several pathologies, indicating this assay as a simple, rapid and reliable test.     

锰——超氧化物歧化酶活力测定的五种方法比较研究

 本文分别以CN~-抑制和SDS处理区分Mn-SOD与CuZn-SOD,对五种SOD活力测定方法进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)化学发光法和光化学扩增法不适用于Mn-SOD活力测定,CN~-和SDS对这两种方法有明显的干扰作用。(2)NBT还原、Cyt c还原和亚硝酸盐形成法都能用于Mn-SOD活力测定,用这三种方法测得Mn-SOD每活力单位相当于酶的含量分别为2.93μg、0.11μg和0.028μg。说明NBT还原法灵敏度最低,其次是Cyt c还原法。亚硝酸盐形成法灵敏度高,专一性强,为五种测定方法之首。     

子痫前期循环系统标志物sFlt-1的重组表达及化学发光检测方法的建立

目的：表达可溶性fms样酪氨酸激酶-1(soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1,sFlt-1)重组蛋白,建立针对sFlt-1的化学发光检测方法。方法：构建pcDNA3.4-sFlt-1-His*6表达载体,转染至HEK293细胞进行重组表达。利用链霉亲和素-生物素亲和体系及双抗体夹心法,实现对sFlt-1的定量检测。结果：该方法的最低检测限为2 pg/mL,线性范围为20～40 000 pg/mL,平均回收率为92%,批内及批间精密度变异系数(variable coefficient, CV)均小于10%,与珀金埃尔默sFlt-1检测试剂盒进行比对的相关系数R²为0.925 2。结论：获得了具有天然生物活性的sFlt-1蛋白,建立了具有良好性能的sFlt-1检测方法,后续进一步开发可应用于子痫前期的诊断筛查。     

A sensitive chemiluminescence method to measure the lipoxygenase catalyzed oxygenation of complex substrates

Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been implicated as a patho-physiological process in early atherogenesis and 15-lipoxygenases (15-LOX) may be involved. While studying the in vitro kinetics of the 15-LOX/LDL interaction, we found that the conventional spectrophotometric assays failed in the range of substrate saturation owing to the high optical density of concentrated LDL solutions. Therefore, we developed a much more sensitive assay system which was based on peroxide induced isoluminol enhanced chemiluminescence. With this method reliable kinetic data were obtained at LDL concentrations of up to 1 mg/ml. To validate this luminometric method the kinetic parameters of 15-LOX catalyzed oxygenation of linoleic acid (K_m=3.7 μM, k_cat=17 s^?1) were determined and we observed a good agreement with previously published data obtained with a spectrophotometric assay. Moreover, we found that the kinetic constants of 15-LOX catalyzed LDL oxidation (K_m=0.64 μM, k_cat=0.15 s^?1) are quite different from those of free fatty acid oxygenation and that the cholesterol esters are preferentially oxidized during 15-LOX/LDL interaction. Vitamin E depletion does not reduce the rate of LDL oxidation and analysis of the structure of the oxygenation products suggests that the majority of the products were formed via direct LOX catalyzed oxidation of LDL ester lipids. The luminometric method described here is not restricted to the measurement of LOX catalyzed LDL oxidation, but may also be used to determine kinetic constants for the oxidation of other complex substrates such as biomembranes or liposomes.     

Low-level chemiluminescence during lipid peroxidations and enzymatic reactions

Low-level chemiluminescence during lipid peroxidation and enzymatic reaction have been analysed by a filter type spectrometer. Tyrosine and tryprophan residues in proteins were found to be emitters in the visible region during their enzymatic oxidation. The natural chemiluminescence from fertilization of sea urchin eggs was found to have originated from tyrosine – cation radical mediated reaction in ovo-peroxidase – membrane protein – H₂O₂ system.     

The lipoxygenase pathway and chemiluminescence in horse eosinophilic leukocytes

It was shown in several cell types that the dual lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitor eicosatetraynoic acid but not the cyclooxygenase inhibitor acetylsalicylic acid suppressed luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Since lipoxygenase is known to generate chemiluminescence in vitro, these observations were interpreted as evidence for a direct contribution of the lipoxygenase pathway to light emission in intact cells. We have investigated a possible contribution of the lipoxygenase to the chemiluminescence of horse eosinophils by directly comparing the formation of the byproduct chemiluminescence with the formation of stable end-products of the lipoxygenase pathway, leukotrienes and HETEs. Azide as well as eicosatetraynoic acid almost completely inhibited chemiluminescence stimulated by the calcium ionophore A23187 but had less effect on the formation of leukotrienes. The tumour-promoting ester, phorbol myristate acetate, stimulated chemiluminescence in an azide- and eicosatetraynoic acid-sensitive manner and failed to evoke the production of leukotrienes. Azide, but also eicosatetraynoic acid inhibited the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence generated by isolated eosinophil peroxidase in the presence of H₂O₂. Our results argue against a direct role of the lipoxygenase pathway in the generation of light in horse eosinophilic leukocytes but do not exclude that product(s) of this pathway may be involved in stimulus-response coupling.     

Characteristics and detection principles of a new enzyme label producing a long-term chemiluminescent signal

A new enzyme label system is described which is superior to all existing chemiluminescence labels used in immunoassays. The system consists of the enzyme xanthine oxidase with hypoxanthine as substrate. The signal reagent contains perborate, an Fe–EDTA complex and luminol. The enzyme preparation and the signal reagent are very stable upon storage. The main features of the system are a long duration of the chemiluminescent signal (half-life time of 30 hours) and a very low limit of detection (about 3 amol). Possibilities and implications for the use of various measuring system are discussed.     

Biodeterioration of cinematographic cellulose triacetate by Sphingomonas paucimobilis using indirect impedance and chemiluminescence techniques

The bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis, isolated from cinematographic films in an earlier project, was able to biodeteriorate the cellulose triacetate material (acetylation degree of 2.7). Film colonization was monitored by the indirect impedance technique and the production of carbon dioxide. The presence of ruggedness and irregularities on the surface of the film, produced when the plasticizer was extracted, accelerated the biodeterioration of the material. In contrast, cinematographic films with their layered structure made of photographic gelatine emulsion were protected and no colonization was observed. The cinematographic film without photographic emulsion reached a 5% level of biodeterioration after six weeks of incubation, confirming the possibility of biodeterioration of archival cinematographic materials if conservation conditions are not adequate. Through viscosity measurements, a decrease in relative viscosity was observed on the biodeteriorated sample, with respect to the original material, confirming a lower molecular weight as a result of enzymatic activity of S. paucimobilis. Also, using chemiluminescence, the film surface oxidation on the biodeteriorated sample was observed. This technique was very sensitive in detecting material oxidation by reactive oxygen species generated by bacteria, and could be useful to study microbiological biodeterioration in polymeric materials.