小麦和油菜中Cu和Zn的化学结合形态初步研究

1　引　　言微量元素在植物体中的化学结合形态的研究 ,对于充分了解其在植物体内的迁移转化机理 ,以及阐明其生理作用特征等都具有重要意义 .但是 ,至今为止 ,由于植物体内微量元素的化学结合形态比较复杂 ,而且差异很大 ,加上研究方法的限制 ,人们对于微量元素在植物体中存在的化学形态知之甚少 .参照国内外报道的一些资料[1～ 4 ] ,采用连续浸提的方法 ,初步探讨了Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ在小麦和油菜植株中的各种化学形态的含量和分异特征 ,试图阐明其在植物体内各种化学结合形态的差异性规律 ,为明确其在植物体内的转运机理和合理施用微量元素肥料…     

杭白菊花水提物的UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap质谱联用分析

为阐明杭白菊花水提物的药效物质基础,采用超高压液相-高分辨质谱联用技术对杭白菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium)花水提物的化学成分进行分析和鉴定。结果表明,从杭白菊花水提物中鉴定出376种化学成分,其中相对含量大于0.1%的成分有152种,相对含量较高的有绞股蓝皂苷XXⅦ、含羞草碱-O-β-葡萄糖苷、甲基-β-葡萄糖苷、D-1-O-甲基粘质肌醇、L(+)-甲基肌醇、过氧化苯甲酰、甲基-β-半乳糖苷、甲基-α-果糖苷、芒柄醇、松醇、(E)-2-己烯-α-阿拉伯糖-(1→2)-β-葡萄糖苷、米瑟毒苷等。杭白菊花水提物主要以黄酮类和生物碱类成分为主,分别有40和53种,相对含量分别为22.68%和26.57%,是杭白菊花发挥功效的主要物质基础。     

Toll-like Receptors as a Target of Food-derived Anti-inflammatory Compounds

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in linking pathogen recognition with the induction of innate immunity. They have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, representing potential targets for prevention/treatment. Vegetable-rich diets are associated with the reduced risk of several inflammatory disorders. In the present study, based on an extensive screening of vegetable extracts for TLR-inhibiting activity in HEK293 cells co-expressing TLR with the NF-κB reporter gene, we found cabbage and onion extracts to be the richest sources of a TLR signaling inhibitor. To identify the active substances, we performed activity-guiding separation of the principal inhibitors and identified 3-methylsulfinylpropyl isothiocyanate (iberin) from the cabbage and quercetin and quercetin 4′-O-β-glucoside from the onion, among which iberin showed the most potent inhibitory effect. It was revealed that iberin specifically acted on the dimerization step of TLRs in the TLR signaling pathway. To gain insight into the inhibitory mechanism of TLR dimerization, we developed a novel probe combining an isothiocyanate-reactive group and an alkyne functionality for click chemistry and detected the probe bound to the TLRs in living cells, suggesting that iberin disrupts dimerization of the TLRs via covalent binding. Furthermore, we designed a variety of iberin analogues and found that the inhibition potency was influenced by the oxidation state of the sulfur. Modeling studies of the iberin analogues showed that the oxidation state of sulfur might influence the global shape of the isothiocyanates. These findings establish the TLR dimerization step as a target of food-derived anti-inflammatory compounds.     

蛹虫草菌产生的胞外多糖及其理化性能和抗氧化活性的初步研究

蛹虫草菌Cordycepsmilitaris在液体发酵条件下可产生胞外多糖,其粗多糖的蛋白含量在14．31％左右,氨基酸含量为13．8％,共有17种氨基酸,水分5％左右,多糖含量大约占80％。蛹虫草菌胞外多糖具有良好的增稠性、触变性、抗盐耐热和对广泛pH的稳定性能。蠕虫草菌丝体及其胞外多糖具有一定的抗氧化活性,在60℃的促进氧化条件下放置7天,0．05％含量的菌丝体及其胞外多糖降低油脂氧化率分别达到18．8％和19．8％。     

降脂红曲的菌学性质及化学成分的分析

本文对No.4降脂红曲的生理特性进行了分析,测定了其一般的化学成分,将No.4红曲米的色调和色价与其它红曲米进行了对比,确定了该红曲的最适培养条件,制定了No.4红曲米的质量标准,并验证了它可作为糖化酶的生产菌。     

飞机草挥发油的化学组成及其对植物、真菌和昆虫生长的影响

飞机草挥发油对5种植物幼苗生长有显著的抑制作用,受抑制的大小排序为黑麦草＞白菜＞萝卜＞四季豆＞水稻．中等浓度(800mg·L-1)飞机草挥发油对水稻稻温病菌的抑制作用最强,对长春花疫病菌的抑制作用次之,对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制作用最弱;其抑茵串分别为61．40％、29．27％和14．44％．10-20μl·株^-1的飞机草挥发油对小菜峨和黄曲条跳甲有显著的驱避产卵作用．经GC／MS,飞机草挥发油的化学成分主要是萜类化合物,如反式—石竹烯(16．58％)、δ—杜松烯(15．85％)、α—可巴烯(11．58％)、氧化石竹烯(9．63％)、大根香叶烯(4．96％)和α—Lu草烯(4．32％)。     

Species traits and climate velocity explain geographic range shifts in an ocean‐warming hotspot

Species' ranges are shifting globally in response to climate warming, with substantial variability among taxa, even within regions. Relationships between range dynamics and intrinsic species traits may be particularly apparent in the ocean, where temperature more directly shapes species' distributions. Here, we test for a role of species traits and climate velocity in driving range extensions in the ocean‐warming hotspot of southeast Australia. Climate velocity explained some variation in range shifts, however, including species traits more than doubled the variation explained. Swimming ability, omnivory and latitudinal range size all had positive relationships with range extension rate, supporting hypotheses that increased dispersal capacity and ecological generalism promote extensions. We find independent support for the hypothesis that species with narrow latitudinal ranges are limited by factors other than climate. Our findings suggest that small‐ranging species are in double jeopardy, with limited ability to escape warming and greater intrinsic vulnerability to stochastic disturbances.     

Macromolecular adducts of ethylene oxide: a literature review and a time-course study on the formation of 7-(2-hydroxyethyl) guanine following exposures of rats by inhalation

The results of efforts to identify and quantify macromolecular adducts of ethylene oxide (ETO), to determine the source and significance of background levels of these adducts, and to generate molecular dosimetry data on these adducts are reviewed. A time-course study was conducted to investigate the formation and persistence of 7-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine (7-HEG; Fig. 1) in various tissues of rats exposed to ETO by inhalation, providing information necessary for designing investigations on the molecular dosimetry of adducts of ETO. Male F344 rats were exposed 6 h/day for up to 4 weeks (5 days/wk) to 300 ppm ETO by inhalation. Another set of rats was exposed for 4 weeks to 300 ppm ETO, and then killed 1–10 days after cessation of exposures. DNA samples from control and treated rats were analyzed for 7-HEG using neutral thermal hydrolysis, HPLC separation, and fluorescence detection. The adduct was detectable in all tissues of treated rats following 1 day of ETO exposure and increased approximately linearly for 3–5 days before the rate of increase began to level off. Concentrations of 7-HEG were greatest in brain, but the extent of formation was similar in all tissues studied. The adduct disappeared slowly from DNA, with an apparent half-life approx. 7 days. The shape of the formation curve and the in vivo half-life indicate that 7-HEG will approach steady-state concentrations in rat DNA by 28 days of ETO exposure. The similarity in 7-HEG formation in target and nontarget tissues indicates that the tissue specificity for tumor induction is due to factors in addition to DNA-adduct formation.     

化学突变具有底物结合部位的单克隆抗体制备含硒抗体酶

开发了一种制备抗体酶的新方法。用二硝基氯苯（ＤＮＣＢ）专一地与谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）的巯基反应,合成出半抗原ＧＳＨ－Ｓ－ＤＮＰ。用戊二醛将半抗原偶联到牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）上,制成全抗原。再用标准的单抗制备法获得具有ＧＳＨ结合部位的单抗（４Ａ４ＩｇＧ）。用苯甲基磺酞氟（ＰＭＳＦ）和Ｈ２Ｓｅ相继处理该单抗,则将单拉结合部位上的丝氨酸（Ｓｅｒ）突变成硒代半胱氨酸（ＳｅＣｙｓ,因而在单抗结合部位上引入了谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＰＸ）的催化基团。突变后的单抗具有ＧＰＸ活性,其活力已达到天然ＧＰＸ的数量级水平。动力学行为也与天然ＧＰＸ类似。这种新的含硒抗体酶有优于ＧＰＸ的一些特点。     

Steady-state,Pre-steady-state,and Single-turnover Kinetic Measurement for DNA Glycosylase Activity

Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) excises the mutagenic oxidative DNA lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) from DNA. Kinetic characterization of OGG1 is undertaken to measure the rates of 8-oxoG excision and product release. When the OGG1 concentration is lower than substrate DNA, time courses of product formation are biphasic; a rapid exponential phase (i.e. burst) of product formation is followed by a linear steady-state phase. The initial burst of product formation corresponds to the concentration of enzyme properly engaged on the substrate, and the burst amplitude depends on the concentration of enzyme. The first-order rate constant of the burst corresponds to the intrinsic rate of 8-oxoG excision and the slower steady-state rate measures the rate of product release (product DNA dissociation rate constant, k_off). Here, we describe steady-state, pre-steady-state, and single-turnover approaches to isolate and measure specific steps during OGG1 catalytic cycling. A fluorescent labeled lesion-containing oligonucleotide and purified OGG1 are used to facilitate precise kinetic measurements. Since low enzyme concentrations are used to make steady-state measurements, manual mixing of reagents and quenching of the reaction can be performed to ascertain the steady-state rate (k_off). Additionally, extrapolation of the steady-state rate to a point on the ordinate at zero time indicates that a burst of product formation occurred during the first turnover (i.e. y-intercept is positive). The first-order rate constant of the exponential burst phase can be measured using a rapid mixing and quenching technique that examines the amount of product formed at short time intervals (<1 sec) before the steady-state phase and corresponds to the rate of 8-oxoG excision (i.e. chemistry). The chemical step can also be measured using a single-turnover approach where catalytic cycling is prevented by saturating substrate DNA with enzyme (E>S). These approaches can measure elementary rate constants that influence the efficiency of removal of a DNA lesion.