Genetic variation in Danish and Norwegian germplasm collections of hops

The germplasm collections of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in Denmark and Norway are maintained in clonal archives funded by the national authorities. The plants have been collected over the last decades as part of a strategy to conserve plant genetic resources for future generations. The major part of the various collections consist of plants collected in villages and gardens. About 20% are plants used for breeding, mainly kept in a collection at Carlsberg, Denmark. In order to identify any duplicates and with a view to learning more about the various collections, a DNA fingerprinting study was initiated, analysing 62 Danish and 34 Norwegian clones with a set of five amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The AFLP analyses resulted in 41 polymorphic bands and were able to separate the majority of the Danish and the Norwegian accessions. UPGMA dendrograms showed 21 accession groups, and potential duplicates were found within 13 of these groups. Principal coordinates analysis revealed that plants were differentiated according to country of origin. In addition, regional separation of the plants within each country was also detected, and similar levels of diversity were found in the Danish and the Norwegian collections. Compared to the rest of the plants, there was less diversity within the Carlsberg material. For the Norwegian as well as a part of the Danish collection, morphological characterisation and chemical analysis was carried out, allowing a comparison of these to the AFLP data. A correlation with AFLP bands and both morphological and chemical characteristics was detected. The most promising results for further breeding was an association of AFLP bands with the content of colupulon in the cones, measured by relative values compared to the total alpha acid content. Further studies are needed to verify such an association with the potential to develop a PCR-based marker for hop breeding carried out in the clones now analysed with AFLP markers, making it possible to search for any association between AFLP data and phenotypic data.     

Oxygen Chiral Phosphate in Ribo- and 2′-Deoxyribodinucleoside Monophosphates by Oxidation of Phosphite Intermediates

Abstract

Oxidation of dinucleoside monophosphite triesters of ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides with iodine-[¹⁸O]H₂O furnished diastereoisomeric phosphate triesters having the oxygen labels in the P=O group. Chromatographic separation of the isomers followed by deprotection yielded oxygen chiral dinucleoside monophosphates. The absolute configuration of [¹⁸O]UpA has been established.     

Was Hopkins right? Influence of larval and early adult experience on the olfactory response in the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera,Curculionidae)

Abstract The induction of olfactory preferences by larval and early adult experience for odour from wheat or maize grain was examined for the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius L. in a static four-chamber olfactometer. Weevils were reared on either wheat or maize grain and received different early adult experience. It turned out that weevils that were reared in wheat and isolated as pupae from the kernels preferred wheat odour in the olfactometer when they emerged without any odour or in the presence of maize odour. Weevils that emerged in the presence of wheat odour preferred both wheat and maize odour. When weevils emerged normally as adults from the wheat kernel in which they developed, maize odour was avoided. In contrast, for weevils that were reared in maize no preferences were found in most experiments. Only weevils that emerged in the presence of wheat odour preferred the maize odour over the controls. These results demonstrate that host-selection behaviour in S. granarius weevil is shaped by experience according to the Hopkins host-selection principle or the chemical legacy hypothesis and the neo-Hopkins principle.     

Substrate-selective small-molecule modulators of enzymes: Mechanisms and opportunities

Small-molecule inhibitors of enzymes are widely used tools in reverse chemical genetics to probe biology and explore therapeutic opportunities. They are often compared with genetic knockdown or knockout and are expected to produce phenotypes similar to the genetic perturbations. This review aims to highlight that small molecule inhibitors of enzymes and genetic perturbations may not necessarily produce the same phenotype due to the possibility of substrate-selective or substrate-dependent effects of the inhibitors. Examples of substrate-selective inhibitors and the mechanisms for the substrate-selective effects are discussed. Substrate-selective modulators of enzymes have distinct advantages and cannot be easily replaced with biologics. Thus, they present an exciting opportunity for chemical biologists and medicinal chemists.     

菰属系统与演化研究—全草化学成分

本文首次报导了菰属Ｚｉｚａｎｉａ Ｌ．及其有关属,共５属７种的全草化学成分。分别采用直流氩等离子火焰光谱发射仪测定了全草２２种常,微量元素;重铬酸钾－硫酸消化法测定了全草的粗蛋白质及全氮;干灰化法测定了全草的灰分;酸－洗涤剂法测定了全草的粗。作者认为菰属的在水稻族中独立成菰亚族,其中所含的４种都是独立存在的;菰属的经济价值较高,尤其菰Ｚ．ｌａｔｉｆｏｌｉａ的综合利用价值更是该属中最高的一种,值得推     

Bile salts and taurine as chemical stimuli for glass eels,Anguilla anguilla: a behavioural study

Synopsis The behaviour of migrating glass eels towards different concentrations of seven bile salts and taurine was investigated by binary-choice experiments. All substances attracted glass eels when presented at concentrations below 10^–10M. Glycocholate, taurodeoxycholate and taurine remained attractive at higher concentrations, while taurocholate, cholate, deoxycholate, glycochenodeoxycholate and taurochenodeoxycholate became repellent. A role of bile salts in grouping and orientation behaviour of glass eels is discussed.     

贵州鼠尾草化学成分研究

为了解贵州鼠尾草(Salvia cavaleriei)的化学成分,运用色谱分离技术,从其95%乙醇提取物中分离得到16个化合物,经波谱数据分析分别鉴定为：β-倍半水芹烯 (1)、6R-(7R,11-二甲基-10-乙烯亚基)-环己烯酮 (2)、β-没药烯 (3)、α-姜黄烯 (4)、3,4-二羟基苯乙酸甲酯 (5)、香草醛 (6)、姜油酮 (7)、6-姜烯酚 (8)、阿魏酸十八烷酯 (9)、维生素E醌 (10)、5-羟甲基-2-糠醛 (11)、硫代乙酸酐 (12)、吲唑 (13)、棕榈酸 (14)、角鲨烯 (15)和二十六烷 (16)。其中,化合物2为新天然产物,除化合物3、4和6外,所有化合物均为首次从贵州鼠尾草中分离得到,此外,化合物2、5、9和12为首次从唇形科(Lamiaceae)植物中分离得到,化合物1和15为首次从鼠尾草属植物中分离得到。     

外源Se对农作物籽实中Se的化学形态及其品质的影响

本文以喷Se、施Se作为外源Se,将作物籽实中的Se分为水溶态、K_2SO_4可提态、NaOH可提态、残余态4种形态。结论认为NaOH可提态Se、水溶态Se为作物籽实中Se的主要存在形态,其中Se(Ⅵ)在各形态Se中占有一定比例,并随外源Se的增加而变化。同时,外源Se可改变作物体内各组分Se的比例,并使大部分氨基酸的含量有所增加,进而对其遗传特性可能带来影响。     

连续炭基肥替代化肥对菜园土壤性质和细菌群落结构的影响

为了解生物炭基肥替代化肥减量施用的田间长期效应,利用定位试验研究连续5 a炭基肥替代化肥对蔬菜产量、土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,连续5 a实施炭基有机肥替代化肥,土壤p H提高了0.13～0.25,土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量也分别提高了2.1%～62.2%、5.8%～86.0%和0.4%～103.1%,炭基肥替代化肥处理的荠菜(Capsella bursapastoris)产量提高了4.0%～14.8%,但75%替代处理较50%替代处理有所降低。炭基肥替代化肥处理的土壤菌群Sobs、Shannon、Ace和Chao指数均高于单施化肥处理,且均以75%替代处理最高。炭基肥替代化肥显著降低了土壤中硝化菌属(Nitrolancea)、拟无枝酸菌属(Amycolatopsis)、芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)等的丰度,增加了纤维素降解菌菌群(Planifilum、Saccharomonospora)的丰度。芽单胞菌属、Ilumatobacteraceae、Methyloligellaceae等的丰度与土壤全氮、全磷、有机质间具有显著的相关性。可见,连续炭基肥替代化肥...     

大叶藤黄叶片的化学成分及其抗氧化活性研究

为了解药用植物大叶藤黄(Garcinia xanthochymus)叶片的化学成分,采用UPLC-QTOF-MS从叶片中得到19个化合物,主要为双黄酮类、黄酮类和间苯三酚类化合物。采用色谱分离法从叶片的80%甲醇提取物中分离得到5个单体化合物,根据理化性质及波谱数据,分别鉴定为二氢山奈酚(1)、dulcisbiflavonoid A (2)、7-去甲基银杏双黄酮(3)、mono-[2-(4-carboxyphenoxycarbonyl)-vinyl]ester (4)、山奈酚(5)。化合物1和2为首次从大叶藤黄中分离得到,化合物3和4为首次从藤黄属植物中分离得到。化合物1和5清除DPPH自由基的IC50值分别为146.8和39.0μg/m L,表明其具有抗氧化活性。