黑龙江省完达山东部林区马鹿冬季环境容纳量估算

2005 年和2006 年冬季,在黑龙江省完达山东部林区采用分层抽样技术,测定马鹿生境中主要食物的生物量供给量。通过食物营养成分分析,确定野外生境食物营养供给量。经饲喂实验,测定圈养马鹿冬季的日营养需求。结合研究地区马鹿生境食物资源类型,以干物质、代谢能和氮为基础估算了完达山东部林区野生马鹿的营养容纳量。研究结果表明:以干物质为估算基础,完达山东部林区冬季马鹿容纳量为11 115 ± 1 419头,以代谢能为基础估算值为5 845 ± 1 077头,而基于氮的计算结果为16 958 ± 2 983头;显示该地区马鹿主要食物含氮量超出马鹿日平均需求量,而代谢能供给量则略显不足,成为种群增长的主要限制因子,所以本文以代谢能为基础估算的容纳量作为该地区冬季马鹿种群环境容纳量。此外,由于受雪被厚度、食物生物量、光照等环境因子的影响,两年估算的容纳量数值存在一定差异。      

浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区华南梅花鹿栖息地内人为干扰类型及时空分布格局

定量分析保护地内的人为干扰对珍稀濒危物种的保护非常重要。红外相机技术可为评估人为干扰提供重要数据。我们于2014年11月至2017年12月,利用红外相机对浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区千倾塘区域的野生华南梅花鹿（Cervus nippon kopschi）栖息地存在的人为干扰进行了监测调查。共计布设57个监测位点,记录到人为干扰独立照片152张。识别到7个主要干扰类型,分别为行走干扰、盗采干扰、盗伐干扰、盗猎干扰、牛干扰、羊干扰、家犬干扰。研究结果表明,栖息地内的人为干扰与梅花鹿的活动节律和重要分布区域存在一定的重叠。人类干扰（包括行走、盗采、盗伐、盗猎）是主要干扰。干扰高发季节为春、秋季。行走干扰、采伐干扰、家犬干扰在上半年（1-6月）最高。牛干扰在4月和11月较高,羊干扰在4月和9月最高。保护区内干扰主要出现在07：00-18：00,干扰强度最高的时间段为08：00-10：00。从空间分布上,华南梅花鹿的主要分布小区（道场坪、癞痢尖、螺蛳尖）以及重要水源地（千倾塘）干扰强度较高。人类干扰和家犬干扰集中于千倾塘区域西部,放牧干扰集中于千倾塘区域东部。本次研究为利用红外相机进行保护区内人为干扰研究提供了案例,同时为管理部门制定和实施有效管理策略提供了科学依据。     

Land abandonment and changes in snow cover period accelerate range expansions of sika deer

Ongoing climate change and land‐use change have the potential to substantially alter the distribution of large herbivores. This may result in drastic changes in ecosystems by changing plant–herbivore interactions. Here, we developed a model explaining sika deer persistence and colonization between 25 years in terms of neighborhood occupancy and habitat suitability. We used climatic, land‐use, and topographic variables to calculate the habitat suitability and evaluated the contributions of the variables to past range changes of sika deer. We used this model to predict the changes in the range of sika deer over the next 100 years under four scenario groups with the combination of land‐use change and climate change. Our results showed that both climate change and land‐use change had affected the range of sika deer in the past 25 years. Habitat suitability increased in northern or mountainous regions, which account for 71.6% of Japan, in line with a decrease in the snow cover period. Habitat suitability decreased in suburban areas, which account for 28.4% of Japan, corresponding to land‐use changes related to urbanization. In the next 100 years, the decrease in snow cover period and the increase in land abandonment were predicted to accelerate the range expansion of sika deer. Comparison of these two driving factors revealed that climate change will contribute more to range expansion, particularly from the 2070s onward. In scenarios that assumed the influence of both climate change and land‐use change, the total sika deer range increased by between +4.6% and +11.9% from the baseline scenario. Climate change and land‐use change will require additional efforts for future management of sika deer, particularly in the long term.     

梅花鹿DRB 第二外显子等位基因鉴定的一种新方法

A new method was found which integrated Motif specific-PCR, SSCP and direct sequencing to identify the exon 2 of alleles of DRB genes in sika deer. Using this method, the detected 15 sequences which included no artificial sequences from mutation or recombination in the process all met the criterion to distinguish a new allele. The criterion is that there have to be identical sequences identified from at least two different individuals by PCR and direct sequencing. Compared with PCR-SSCP-cloning sequencing previously, this method can efficiently remove artificial sequences. Combined with the above criterion, this method provided a new approach for investigating DRB gene polymorphism of sika deer and other deer species.     

梅花鹿体细胞航天诱变后的生物学特性变化分析

本研究以自主研发的聚偏二氟乙烯膜(PVDF)细胞培养技术进行了梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)体细胞的航天培养及生物诱变,并分析了其细胞在航天诱变后的生长曲线和核型特性。采用耳缘皮肤组织块贴壁培养的方法进行体细胞的原代培养;胰蛋白酶消化的方法完成细胞的传代培养;依照程序降温的方法完成细胞的冷冻保存;每天计数24孔板每孔的活细胞数并利用Excel 97-2003绘制出细胞的生长曲线,采用IBM SPSS Statistics 23统计软件回归分析程序中的非线性回归分析子程序Logistic曲线模型分析细胞生长曲线的拟合度;以常规染色体标本制备技术,利用细胞遗传工作站(AI)软件对梅花鹿体细胞的染色体核型进行分析。实验结果表明,新开发的PVDF膜细胞培养技术可有效保持梅花鹿体细胞在太空飞行过程中的存活并成功回收、传代建系。通过细胞传代培养观察发现,该体细胞经航天诱变后保持正常的成纤维细胞特征,生长曲线呈"S"型,航天诱变组体细胞在培养4 d进入对数生长期,与对照组体细胞在培养2 d进入对数生长期相比其细胞增殖速度减慢。拟合生长曲线分析表明,航天诱变组细胞生长拟合度值与对照组相似,但细胞增殖拐点时间、拐点细胞量分析结果证明,航天诱变后的体细胞增殖速度减慢。核型分析显示,航天诱变梅花鹿体细胞染色体数保持2n=66,染色体形态正常,核型为66(XX),其中32对常染色体,1对性染色体。本研究建立了哺乳动物在航天运行条件下的细胞培养PVDF新技术,并分析了航天诱变对于梅花鹿细胞生物学特性变化的影响,为以后进行相关研究提供了基础信息和技术支持。     

基于红外相机技术的贺兰山同域分布阿拉善马鹿和岩羊活动规律研究

为了探究同域分布的阿拉善马鹿(Cervur alashanicus)与岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)的日活动节律,及两者在时间生态位上的分化情况。于2014.10—2015.10,在贺兰山利用红外相机技术,对两者进行野外监测。相关监测数据,在R软件中利用"overlap"统计包,采取核密度估计(Kernel density estimation)、重叠指数(Coefficient of overlap):■进行分析。结果表明,马鹿日活动节律模式属于晨昏活动类型(日活动高峰期:5:00—10:00、16:00—21:00),存在季节性变化(冷暖季日活动节律重叠指数■=0.77),由暖季到冷季晨昏活动高峰期均向中午移动(暖季:4:00—8:00、16:00—22:00,冷季:6:00—11:00、15:00—20:00),昼间活动强度大于暖季,而夜间低于暖季。岩羊日活动节律为主要在昼间活动的模式,其活动高峰期在8:00—10:00、13:00—15:00两个时间段。由暖季到冷季存在季节性变化特征(■=0.74),昼间活动高峰期向后推迟(暖季7:00—9:00、12:00—14:00,冷季9:00—11:00、13:00—17:00),夜间活动降低。两者在日活动节律模式上的相似度较高(■=0.67),存在冷季(■=0.66)高于暖季(■=0.61)的季节变化。在日活动节律模式分离特征为:马鹿为晨昏活动模式,岩羊为昼间活动模式;前者昼间活动强度低于后者,而夜间强于后者;两者活动在高峰期上大体错开。本研究不仅提供了马鹿与岩羊的日活动节律模式,而且还分析了两者在时间生态位上的分化方式和共存机制,并为两者行为生态学研究的深入提供必要的科学依据。     

Epizoochorous dispersal by ungulates depends on fur,grooming and social interactions

The transport phase of the animal‐mediated plant dispersal process is critical to dispersal effectiveness as it determines the spatial distribution of the diaspores released and their chance for further recruitment. Assessing this specific phase of the dispersal process generally requires combining diaspore retention times with the associated distances covered. Here, we specifically tested the effect of grooming behavior, interindividual contacts and ungulate fur on diaspore retention times and associated dispersal distances for the hooked diaspores of Xanthium strumarium L. experimentally attached to tamed individuals of three ungulate species. We used a comparative approach based on differing fur quality on different body zones of these three ungulates. During 6‐hr sessions, we monitored for grooming and social interactions that may induce intended or inadvertent diaspore detachment. Additionally, we proposed innovative approaches to directly assessing diaspore dispersal distances by red deer in situ. Fat‐tailed functions fitted diaspore retention time, highlighting the potential for long‐distance dispersal events. The longer the hair, the higher the retention capacity of diaspores in the animal's fur. As predicted, donkey retained diaspores longer than red deer and dwarf goat; and we also confirmed that diaspores attached to the short hair of the head fell off more quickly than did those on the other body zones. Dwarf goat groomed more often than both red deer and donkey, but also when it carried diaspores. Up to 14% of the diaspores detached from animal fur after specific grooming behavior. We observed, in controlled conditions, for the first time and for each ungulate species, interindividual transfers of diaspores, representing 5% of the diaspores attached to animals’ fur. Our results militate for incorporating animal behavior into plant dispersal modeling approaches.     

四川梅花鹿的昼夜活动节律与时间分配

1987 年2 月至2000 年9 月, 用直接观察法在四川省铁布自然保护区中先后对287 只四川梅花鹿的昼夜活动节律和时间分配进行了2 934 h 的观察。四川梅花鹿的昼夜活动具有明显的活动与休息相间出现的节律, 晨昏和午夜是其活动的高峰期, 白昼活动强度较低以休息反刍为主。不同季节其昼夜活动节律有较大的变化。春、夏、秋、冬4 季每天单位时间的平均活动频率分别为: 55.29 ±32.97 %、46.42 ±37.24 %、48.21 ±35.80 %、47.75±32.21 % , 季节差异不明显( F = 0.32 < F_o.o1 ) 。昼夜年平均每天约有52.07 %的时间在活动, 其中白昼活动仅占5.28 % , 而晨昏和夜晚的活动占46.79 %。影响时间分配比例的因素为: 鹿的年龄、性别、繁殖状态、食物资源、天气状况、人为干扰等。     

Individual variation in migratory and exploratory movements and habitat use by adult red deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cervus elaphus</Emphasis> L.) in a mountainous temperate forest

Using data from a global positioning system (GPS), seven adult red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) were tracked in the Parc National des Cévennes, southern France, between November 1998 and December 2000 to assess the factors affecting large-range movement patterns and habitat use. The home range varied from a single compact area for females to three distinct seasonal ranges for males, which used alternative migratory strategies (i.e. non-, downward- and upward-migrants). The migrants used mainly southerly and easterly aspects, and wintered in areas having steeper slopes than were used during summer or the rut season. For males, the time of rut migration was mid-September and they finally entered wintering ranges from mid-December to the beginning of January. Exploratory behaviour (i.e. individuals found outside the limits of their familiar area but returning to it a few days later) occurred in both sexes and for all individuals monitored during at least a 6-month period. Velocity and efficiency of exploratory movements were higher than usual movements. During these exploratory movements, hinds may have used different landscape attributes (elevation, slope, canopy cover) while stags did not. These results provide new empirical information that could be used for building and applying broad-scale spatial and landscape use models in ecological research.