头颅局部亚低温对脑梗死治疗作用的临床研究

目的：观察头颅局部行亚低温治疗脑梗死后患者血清一氧化氮、内皮素以及细胞间粘附分子含量的变化,探讨亚低温治疗对脑组织发挥保护作用的机制。方法：搜集2012年5月至2013年2间,哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院神经内科收治的62例脑梗死患者,并随机分为亚低温治疗组（32例）和常规治疗对照组（30例）,治疗组在药物治疗脑梗死的同时加用局部亚低温治疗技术,在治疗前、治疗后3、7、14d进行一氧化氮、内皮素及细胞间粘附分子的测定;两组患者分别于治疗前以及治疗后第30d,对神经功能缺损采用NIHSS量表进行评分,对日常生活活动能力采用Bathel指数评分,对运动功能采用FuglMeyer法进行评价。结果：在治疗后第3、7、14天,亚低温治疗组一氧化氮含量较对照组显著升高（均为P〈0．01）,在治疗后第7天亚低温治疗组内皮素含量低于对照组（P〈0．05）,第3、14天亚低温组内皮素含量显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）;治疗前两组NIHSS评分、Bamel指数和FuglMeyer评分差异均无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。在治疗组治疗后的第3、7、14天,亚低温治疗组细胞间粘附分子与治疗前相比,均出现降低（P〈0．05）;而且在第3天,治疗组和对照组有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。治疗1个月后,亚低温治疗组NIHss评分比常规治疗组显著降低,亚低温治疗组Bathel指数和FuglMeyer评分均明显高于对照组,差异具有显著性。结论：局部亚低温治疗对血管内皮细胞功能有较好的保护作用,可改善脑梗死患者神经功能缺损及预后。     

愤怒情绪模型大鼠不同脑区γ氨基丁酸B2受体表达的变化

目的通过检测愤怒情绪模型大鼠顶区皮质和海马γ氨基丁酸B2受体（GABABR2）表达的变化,探索愤怒情绪与GABABR2的关系,以及中药经前平颗粒的干预机制。方法采用居住入侵的方法复制愤怒情绪模型大鼠,然后用RT-PCR和Western Blot的方法检测GABABR2 mRNA和蛋白的表达差异。结果与正常组相比,模型组大鼠GABABR2 mRNA和蛋白的表达都明显降低;与模型组相比,经前平给药组大鼠GABABR2 mRNA和蛋白的表达都显著升高。结论大鼠顶区皮质和海马GABABR2表达降低可能是影响大鼠愤怒情绪的重要机制之一;中药经前平颗粒可对GABABR2表达异常变化起到调节作用。     

神经功能损伤评分在大鼠脑缺血实验中的应用

脑梗塞发病率逐年增高,它严重影响了患者的生活质量。临床上,神经功能损伤评分是诊断和疗效评价的重要指标。在临床前研究中,神经功能损伤评分也越来越受到重视,是判断药效的最重要指标之一。本文介绍了评价神经功能损伤的几种常见试验和评分标准,并认为在中医药治疗脑梗塞临床前研究中,应更加重视神经功能评分,充分体现中医药的优势。     

ABRA在正常成年大鼠大脑皮质和海马区的表达

目的观察ABRA(Actin binding Rho activator)在成年大鼠大脑皮质和海马中的表达。方法制备成年大鼠脑的冰冻切片,采用共聚焦免疫荧光技术和免疫荧光强度测量检测ABRA在大鼠大脑皮质和海马区的表达。结果 ABRA在神经元的胞核、胞浆、突起内可见,其中胞核着色最强。在大脑皮质,ABRA阳性的神经元胞体和突起广泛分布于皮质的分子层、外颗粒层、外锥体细胞层、内颗粒层、内锥体细胞层、多形细胞层,其免疫荧光强度分别为129.22±16.94、125.39±29.83、117.67±22.50、105.85±17.65、103.90±18.00、100.23±20.38,ABRA阳性细胞率分别为0.51±0.01、0.69±0.02、0.64±0.03、0.58±0.05、0.65±0.09、0.63±0.01。在海马,ABRA均匀分布于海马各部,阳性神经元集中于锥体细胞层,而其阳性突起弥散分布于海马分子层和多形层。海马锥体细胞层、分子层、多形层免疫荧光强度分别为141.19±35.48、53.19±10.38、43.32±9.59,ABRA阳性细胞率分别为0.62±0.04、0.27±0.07、0.25±0.03。结论 ABRA广泛表达于大鼠大脑皮质和海马各层,提示ABRA可能在大鼠这些部位的神经细胞功能活动方面起重要作用。     

线栓法插线深度对大鼠脑梗死模型制备的影响

目的比较不同栓线插线深度对线栓法制作大鼠脑梗死模型的影响。方法按照栓线深度将大鼠分为4组:(1)0.8 cm组;(2)1.3 cm组;(3)1.8 cm组;(4)2.2 cm组。模型前、模型后24 h和48 h分别称量体重和行神经损伤严重程度评分;模型后48 h计算各组大鼠存活率,处死大鼠行2,3,5-三苯氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色并计算脑梗死体积。结果 0.8 cm组和1.3 cm组大鼠症状不明显,TTC染色未见脑梗死;1.8 cm组和2.2 cm组大鼠出现典型偏瘫症状,但2.2 cm组大鼠梗死范围过大,存活率较1.8 cm组显著下降(P<0.05)。结论线栓法制作大鼠MCAO模型需要选择合适的插线深度;过浅模型易制作失败;过深则模型症状偏重,存活率降低;最佳深度为栓线头端置于大脑中动脉起始处。     

Anticipatory postural adjustments in children with hemiplegia and diplegia

Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) play an important role in the performance of many activities requiring the maintenance of standing posture. However, little is known about if and how children with cerebral palsy (CP) generate APAs. Two groups of children with CP (hemiplegia and diplegia) and a group of children with typical motor development performed arm flexion and extension movements while standing on a force platform. Electromyographic activity of six trunk and leg muscles and displacement of center of pressure (COP) were recorded. Children with CP were able to generate anticipatory postural adjustments and produce directionally specific APAs and COP displacements similar to those described in adults and typically developing children. However, children with diplegia were unable to generate APAs of the same magnitude as children with typical development and hemiplegia and had higher baseline muscle activity prior to movement. In children with diplegia, COP was posteriorly displaced and peak acceleration was smaller during bilateral extension compared to children with hemiplegia. The outcomes of the study highlight the role of APAs in the control of posture of children with CP and point out the similarities and differences in anticipatory control in children with diplegia and hemiplegia. These differences may foster ideas for treatment strategies to enhance APAs in children with CP.     

Therapeutic effect of Ginkgo biloba polysaccharide in rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury

An araban type polysaccharide (GBPw) was purified from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of GBPw on focal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat brain. The results of this study demonstrated that GBPw had a positive effect on the rat brain when administered 7 days before focal cerebral I/R injury. This effect was evident with the improvements in neurological deficits, reduction in infarct volume, MDA content and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), and elevation in the SOD and MPO activities and the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Thus, the beneficial effects of GBPw on cerebral I/R injury may result from the reduction of oxidative stress and the inhibition of NO production and inflammation induced by I/R. The neuroprotective effects of GBPw supplement may have potential implication in the future for prevention/protection against cerebral ischemic stroke.     

Orcadian Rhythm of Serotonin Binding in Rat Brain—I. Effect of the Light-Dark Cycle

Moving rapidly from a supine to a standing posture is a common daily activity, yet a significant physiological challenge. Syncope can result from the development of initial orthostatic hypotension (IOH) involving a transient fall in systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP) of >40/20?mm Hg within the first 15 s, and/or a delayed orthostatic hypotension (DOH) involving a fall in systolic/diastolic BP of >20/10?mm Hg within 15?min of posture change. Although epidemiological data indicate a heightened syncope risk in the morning, little is known about the diurnal variation in the IOH and DOH mechanisms associated with postural change. The authors hypothesized that the onset of IOH and DOH occurs sooner, and the associated cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular changes are more pronounced, in the early morning. At 06:00 and 16:00?h, 17 normotensive volunteers, aged 26?±?1 yrs (mean?±?SE), completed a protocol involving supine rest, an upright stand, and a 60° head-up tilt (HUT) during which continuous beat-to-beat measurements of middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv), mean arterial BP (MAP), heart rate, and end-tidal Pco₂ (P_ETco₂) were obtained. Mean MCAv was ～12% lower at baseline in the morning (p?≤?.01) and during the HUT (p?<?.01), despite a morning elevation in P_ETco₂ by ～2.2?mm Hg (p?=?.01). The decline in MAP during initial standing (morning vs. afternoon: 50%?±?4% vs. 49%?±?3%) and HUT (39%?±?3% vs. 38%?±?3%) did not vary with time-of-day (p?>?.30). In conclusion, although there is a marked reduction in MCAv in the morning, there is an absence of diurnal variation in the onset of and associated physiological responses associated with IOH and DOH. These responses, at least in this population, are unlikely contributors to the diurnal variation in orthostatic tolerance. (Author correspondence: N.C.Lewis@2004.ljmu.ac.uk)     

Nitroxyl (HNO) suppresses vascular Nox2 oxidase activity

Nox2 oxidase activity underlies the oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction associated with several vascular-related diseases. We have reported that nitric oxide (NO) decreases reactive oxygen species production by endothelial Nox2. This study tested the hypothesis that nitroxyl (HNO), the redox sibling of NO, also suppresses vascular Nox2 oxidase activity. Specifically, we examined the influence of two well-characterized HNO donors, Angeli’s salt and isopropylamine NONOate (IPA/NO), on Nox2-dependent responses to angiotensin II (reactive oxygen species production and vasoconstriction) in mouse cerebral arteries. Angiotensin II (0.1 μmol/L)-stimulated superoxide (measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence) and hydrogen peroxide (Amplex red fluorescence) levels in cerebral arteries (pooled basilar and middle cerebral (MCA)) from wild-type (WT) mice were ~60% lower (P<0.05) in the presence of either Angeli’s salt (1 μmol/L) or IPA/NO (1 μmol/L). Similarly, phorbyl 12,13-dibutyrate (10 μmol/L; Nox2 activator)-stimulated hydrogen peroxide levels were ~40% lower in the presence of IPA/NO (1 μmol/L; P<0.05). The ability of IPA/NO to decrease superoxide levels was reversible and abolished by the HNO scavenger l-cysteine (3 mmol/L; P<0.05), but was unaffected by hydroxocobalamin (100 μmol/L; NO scavenger), ODQ (10 μmol/L; soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor), or Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS (10 μmol/L; cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase inhibitor). Angiotensin II-stimulated superoxide was substantially less in arteries from Nox2-deficient (Nox2^−/y) versus WT mice (P<0.05). In contrast to WT, IPA/NO (1 μmol/L) had no effect on superoxide levels in arteries from Nox2^−/y mice. Finally, angiotensin II (1–1000 μmol/L)-induced constriction of WT MCA was virtually abolished by IPA/NO (1 μmol/L), whereas constrictor responses to either the thromboxane A₂ mimetic U46619 (1–100 nmol/L) or high potassium (122.7 mmol/L) were unaffected. In conclusion, HNO suppresses vascular Nox2 oxidase activity via a sGC–cGMP-independent pathway. Thus, HNO donors might be useful therapeutic agents to limit and/or prevent Nox2-dependent vascular dysfunction.     

Time-dependence of SI RA neuron response to cutaneous flutter stimulation

Spike discharge activity of RA-type SI cortical neurons was recorded extracellularly in anesthetized monkeys and cats. Multiple applications (trials) of 10-50 Hz sinusoidal vertical skin displacement stimulation ("flutter") were delivered to the receptive field (RF). Analysis revealed large and systematic temporal trends not only in SI RA neuron responsivity (measured as spikes/s and as spikes/stimulus cycle), but also in entrainment, and in phase angle of the entrained responses. In contrast to SI RA neurons, the response of RA skin afferents to comparable conditions of skin flutter stimulation exhibited little or no dynamics. The occurrence and form of the SI RA neuron response dynamics that accompany skin flutter stimulation are shown to depend on factors such as stimulus frequency and the locus of the recording site in the global cortical response pattern. Comparison of recordings obtained in near-radial vs tangential microelectrode penetrations further reveals that the SI RA neuron response dynamics that occur during skin flutter stimulation are relatively consistent within, but heterogeneous across column-sized regions. The observed SI RA neuron response dynamics are suggested to account, in part, for the improved capacity to discriminate stimulus frequency after an exposure ("adaptation") to skin flutter stimulation (Goble and Hollins, J Acoust Soc Am 96: 771-780, 1994). Parallels with recent proposals about the contributions to visual perception of short-term primary sensory cortical neuron dynamics and synchrony in multineuron spike activity patterns are identified and discussed.