全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6397篇 |
免费 | 363篇 |
国内免费 | 962篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 21篇 |
2023年 | 84篇 |
2022年 | 147篇 |
2021年 | 165篇 |
2020年 | 141篇 |
2019年 | 205篇 |
2018年 | 246篇 |
2017年 | 164篇 |
2016年 | 198篇 |
2015年 | 185篇 |
2014年 | 459篇 |
2013年 | 539篇 |
2012年 | 336篇 |
2011年 | 345篇 |
2010年 | 297篇 |
2009年 | 362篇 |
2008年 | 413篇 |
2007年 | 438篇 |
2006年 | 325篇 |
2005年 | 345篇 |
2004年 | 265篇 |
2003年 | 244篇 |
2002年 | 225篇 |
2001年 | 166篇 |
2000年 | 144篇 |
1999年 | 149篇 |
1998年 | 126篇 |
1997年 | 90篇 |
1996年 | 97篇 |
1995年 | 92篇 |
1994年 | 76篇 |
1993年 | 62篇 |
1992年 | 52篇 |
1991年 | 54篇 |
1990年 | 51篇 |
1989年 | 46篇 |
1988年 | 31篇 |
1987年 | 29篇 |
1986年 | 43篇 |
1985年 | 42篇 |
1984年 | 43篇 |
1983年 | 31篇 |
1982年 | 32篇 |
1981年 | 24篇 |
1980年 | 23篇 |
1979年 | 18篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 7篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有7722条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
81.
Summary Thedec-1 eggshell gene inDrosophila melanogaster encodes follicle cell proteins required for proper eggshell assembly. As shown by Southern and Northern analyses thedec-1 gene occurs in four alleles (Fcl-4) among wild-type strains. Its second exon has a distinct feature in the form of 12 repeats with 78–91 nucleotides; the first five show nearly 100% homology. DNA sequence comparison of the repeated region of the alleles revealed that the length polymorphisms are caused by changes in the numbers of the first five repeats. The results suggest that the alleles have been generated by unequal intragenic crossing-over and/or slippage during DNA replication and that the allelic length variants have arisen independently. The possiblilty that the most common allele,FC1, has a selective advantage over the other alleles is discussed. 相似文献
82.
Takeshi Kikuchi 《Journal of Protein Chemistry》1993,12(5):515-523
It has been shown that probable portions which form contacts in a protein can be predicted by means of an average distance map (ADM) as well as regular structures (-helices and -turns) defined as short-range compact regions (Kikuchiet al., 1988a,c). In this paper, we analyze the occurrence of those portions and short-range compact regions on ADMs for various proteins regarding their folding types. We have found out that each folding type of proteins shows characteristic distribution of such parts on ADMS. We also discuss the possibility of the prediction of folding types of proteins by ADMs. 相似文献
83.
Climate change has been unprecedented in the last half-century. Tree growth dynamics and responses to climate warming at different elevations vary by study area due to regional diversity in site-specific climatic conditions in the central Hengduan Mountains. A. georgei is the dominant species in high-elevation montane forests in the central Hengduan Mountains. To study the response of A. georgei radial growth to climate and identify tree growth trends at different elevations, tree-ring width chronologies at four elevations across the subalpine A. georgei forest belt were built and growth-climate relationships were analyzed. The primary findings of this study were as follows: (1) radial growth rates of A. georgei decreased with elevation; (2) warming alleviated the limitation of low temperatures and abundant precipitation on tree radial growth at the highest sampling site; and (3) unlike at other elevations, the trend of trees basal area increment (BAI) at the lowest sampling site showed a significant decline over the past 20 years. This suggests the presence of an elevational inflection point, likely between 3800 m and 4000 m, where tree growth trends diverge. These results confirmed that A. georgei at higher elevation in the central Hengduan Mountains currently benefits from higher temperatures. However, the effects of drought on A. georgei at lower elevations would cause radial growth to decrease with climate warming. Therefore, it is critical to establish effective management strategies based on how A. georgei responds to climate change at various elevations. 相似文献
84.
Mats E. Johansson 《植被学杂志》1993,4(5):621-632
Abstract. Two marginal and two central populations of the pseudo-annual aquatic plant Ranunculus lingua were studied over four years. The main purpose was to quantify potentially influential abiotic and biotic factors and to derive predictions about life-history differences between the populations. Variation in abundance and height of R. lingua ramets at different depths were related to water-level fluctuations, to abundance of other helophyes (emergent macrophytes), and to the occurrence of invertebrate grazing and fungal pathogens. Clear differences between marginal and central populations were shown in the depth distribution of ramet numbers and ramet heights, as well as in the dynamic patterns, where marginal populations had a higher flux of ramets. These patterns and regression analyses indicated that abiotic factors have a greater influence in marginal populations, whereas biotic factors are more important in central populations. It is suggested that marginal habitats for R. lingua would favour life-histories with a high reproductive capacity, whereas a large size of ramet would be the most important life-history feature in central habitats. This was supported by the fact that ramets in marginal populations, in spite of their smaller size, produced higher number of rhizomes than ramets in central populations. Variation in regional abundance was finally related to differences in demographic processes and dispersal potential between the populations. 相似文献
85.
Rafael Muñoz-Mas Franz Essl Mark van Kleunen Hanno Seebens Wayne Dawson Christine Marie V. Casal Emili García-Berthou 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2023,32(9):1632-1644
Aim
Investigating major freshwater fish flows (translocations) between biogeographic regions and their temporal dynamics and also quantifying spatial patterns and temporal changes in the array of introduced species, and the emergence and distance between major donor and recipient regions.Location
Global.Time Period
1800–2020.Major Taxa Studied
Freshwater fishes.Methods
We analysed a global dataset on freshwater fish introductions (4241 events of 688 species). Freshwater fish flows were investigated with flow diagrams and χ2 tests, while PERMANOVA (permutational multivariate analysis of variance) was used to test the association between species and regions and temporal shifts. Cluster analysis revealed major recipient areas and composition of the introduced species. Finally, changes in distances between donor and recipient sites were tested with PERMANOVA.Results
The number of introductions between biogeographic regions mirrored the European and North American dominance before World War II (WWII) and the trends in recreational fishing, biocontrol programmes and food production, especially in the Sino-Oriental region, which has a long tradition of aquaculture and fishkeeping. Over the years, the origins and composition of introduced species changed uniquely in each biogeographic region, although the most introduced species are common to every region. Salmonids and other cold-water species were frequently introduced before the 1950s, whereas tropical ornamental and aquaculture species currently prevail. Distances between donor and recipient sites did not vary over the time. After WWII, the Sino-Oriental region consolidated its dominance and the Ethiopian and Neotropical regions emerged as new global donor and recipient regions.Main Conclusions
Global policy should focus on tropical ornamental and aquaculture species, which could benefit from global warming, especially in the Sino-Oriental region, because it currently dominates freshwater fish species flows, and the Ethiopian and Neotropical regions, because they recently emerged as important global donor and recipient regions of freshwater fish introductions. 相似文献86.
Backgroundobesity is a major risk factor for many metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cardiometabolic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the association of plasma and urinary barium concentrations, CYP19A1 gene polymorphisms, and their interaction with central obesity in a rural Chinese population.Methodsrestricted cubic spline model was used to explore the dose-response relationship between barium and the risk of developing central obesity and waist circumference; logistic regression model was used to assess the association between barium, CYP19A1 gene polymorphisms and their interaction with central obesity.Resultsthe results of the restricted cubic spline model showed that plasma barium concentration was linearly associated with the risk of developing central obesity and non-linearly associated with waist circumference. Logistic regression analysis showed that participants with Q4 plasma barium concentration exhibited a higher risk of central obesity compared to participants with Q1 barium concentration; participants carrying the rs10046-AA gene exhibited a lower risk of central obesity than those carrying the rs10046-G(GG+GA) gene; participants carrying the rs10046-GA genotype showed 1.754 times higher risk of central obesity than those carrying rs10046-GG+AA genotype. There was a significant interaction between plasma barium and CYP19A1 gene polymorphism on central obesity.Conclusionthe development of central obesity was associated with plasma barium and CYP19A1. 相似文献
87.
Leandro Fainburg David Sabadin Juan Martín Díaz de Astarloa Pedro Fernández Iriarte 《Journal of fish biology》2023,102(2):455-464
The mud flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus (Pleuronectiformes, Paralichthyidae) inhabits shallow waters of low salinities and mud bottoms in the temperate marine coastal regions of the Bonaerensean Ecoregion of the Argentinean Biogeographic Province in the south-western Atlantic Ocean. Specimens of P. orbignyanus were collected from Lagoa dos Patos (LDP) (southern Brazil), Mar Chiquita (MCH) and Marisol (MAR) both located in Buenos Aires (Argentina), and San Antonio Oeste (SAO) in the San Matías Gulf, Rio Negro (Argentina). A fragment of the mitochondrial DNA of the Control Region and seven microsatellite loci were characterized. In the Control Region, P. orbignyanus showed high variability, low nucleotide diversity, mild population expansion and a coalescence time of 35,000 years before the present. Flounders provided evidence of a genetic structure between the sampling sites LDP, MCH, MAR vs. SAO. On the other hand, P. orbignyanus displayed a lower to moderate contemporary genetic structure among all samples except between LDP and MCH. With no evidence of isolation by distance, this analysis supports a model of limited gene flow that is likely to be associated with a consistent larvae retention in all sampling sites. In addition, the present connectivity is ascribed to a lower migration process from SAO in the San Matías Gulf congruent with the prevailing littoral drift. 相似文献
88.
Fossil wood assemblages deposited during 6.300–3.000 yBP, are studied at the Akayama Site, central Japan. Layer III containing
fossil woods was divided into three subunits according to intercalating tephras, and total 3618 fossil woods were studied.
In the composition, deciduous broad-leaved trees dominated, accompanied by some evergreen conifers. In the diameter distribution,
nine taxa accounted for nearly 90% of individuals exceeding 10 cm in diameter. Spatial distribution of nine major and three
minor taxa and that of thick individuals clarified the following points: 1)Fraxinus established a lowland forest during 5,000–4,500 yBP, accompanied byAlnus sect.Gymnothyrsus, Acer andAesculus turbinata; 2) small trees ofAlnus sect.Gymnothyrsus extensively intermingled in the lowlandFraxinus forest during 4,500–3,000 yBP; 3)Quercus sect.Prinus and Castanea crenata constituted escarpment forests during 6,300–3,000 yBP; 4)Carpinus sect.Eucarpinus became a major component during 5,000–4,500 yBP, andOstrya japonica replacedCastanea crenata during 4,500–3,000 yBP. Comparison with the other five contemporaneous fossil wood assemblages shows prevalence ofFraxinus-dominant forests during the Late to Latest Jomon Periods in the southern part of the Kanto Plain. 相似文献
89.
Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV), usually occurs in nature as a mixture of genotypes. Six naturally infected citrus
(Citrus sinensis) trees grafted on sour orange rootstock were collected from three citrus growing governorates
in Egypt (Sharqia, Qalyubia and Garbia). In this study, RT-PCR, Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism
(SSCP) and nucleotide sequence analysis were used for four independent CTV genomic regions (p65, p18,
p20, and p23) to detect and assess the sequence and genetic variabilities among CTV Egyptian isolates. RTPCR products (650 bp) for the CTV p23 gene obtained from the selected isolates were used for the SSCP analysis
and DNA sequencing. SSCP patterns of p23 gene for individual isolates yielded different complex haplotype patterns. Nucleotide sequence analysis of p23 region amplified from six isolates under study revealed that p23 shared
high nucleotide identity 98.7% with T36 isolate from USA, Florida. Phylogenetic analysis of p23 gene indicated a
close evolutionary relationship between all examined isolates and Qaha isolate (T36 isolate group), suggesting that
they may have originated from closely related ancestors. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the three genes located
on CTV 3′-coterminal overhang, p18, p20 and p65, amplified from isolate A3, Sharqia governorate, revealed that
the p18, p65, and p20 genes were related to the T3-KB isolate from South Africa with 99%–100% sequence
homology. Phylogenetic relationship analysis for p65, p18 and p20 ORFs clustered the current A3 isolate with
T3 genotype group. The recombination analysis identified three of six isolates from Sharqia, and Garbia as potential recombinant for p23 gene. The isolates T36 and T3 were identified as major donors for recombination events
in isolate A3. Our results concluded that p23 ORF likely to be as a hotspot region for recombination and originated through recombination event. The current study indicated that recombination is an important factor for the
origin of CTV strains in Egypt. 相似文献
90.
We examined population substructure of bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops sp). in Shark Bay, Western Australia, using 10 highly polymorphic microsatellite loci, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). For microsatellite analysis, 302 different animals were sampled from seven localities throughout the bay. Analysis of genetic differentiation between sampling localities showed a significant correlation between the number of migrants ( Nm ) calculated from F ST , R ST and private alleles, and distance between localities–a pattern of isolation-by-distance. For mtDNA, 220 individuals from all seven localities were sequenced for a 351 base pair fragment of the control region, resulting in eight haplotypes, with two distinct clusters of haplotypes. Values of F ST and (φ)ST for mtDNA yielded statistically significant differences, mostly between localities that were not adjacent to each other, suggesting female gene flow over a scale larger than the sampled localities. We also observed a significant correlation between the number of female migrants calculated from F ST and φST and the distance of sampling localities. Our results indicate that dispersal in female dolphins in Shark Bay is more restricted than that of males. 相似文献