全文获取类型
收费全文 | 803篇 |
免费 | 7篇 |
国内免费 | 35篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 1篇 |
2021年 | 1篇 |
2020年 | 8篇 |
2019年 | 7篇 |
2018年 | 9篇 |
2017年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 14篇 |
2015年 | 14篇 |
2014年 | 26篇 |
2013年 | 50篇 |
2012年 | 57篇 |
2011年 | 72篇 |
2010年 | 30篇 |
2009年 | 68篇 |
2008年 | 45篇 |
2007年 | 43篇 |
2006年 | 32篇 |
2005年 | 19篇 |
2004年 | 29篇 |
2003年 | 22篇 |
2002年 | 26篇 |
2001年 | 17篇 |
2000年 | 15篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 21篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 11篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 15篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 9篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 16篇 |
1984年 | 23篇 |
1983年 | 13篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有845条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
81.
Graber DJ Snyder-Keller A Lawrence DA Turner JN 《Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology》2012,26(2):45-53
Microglia have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, but their precise role remains elusive. Although neuron loss in the presence of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia has been well documented, a novel coculture paradigm was developed as a new approach to assess the diffusible, soluble mediators of neurodegeneration. Isolated microglia were plated on membrane inserts that were coated with a layer of cellulose acetate. The cellulose acetate-coated membranes have nanofiltration properties, in that only molecules with masses less than 350 Da can pass through. Products released from activated microglia that were separated from primary ventral mesencephalon cells beneath the nanofiltering membrane were able to kill the dopamine neurons. Microglial cytokines cannot diffuse through this separating membrane. Addition of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor prevented the loss of the dopamine neurons. These data describe a novel coculture system for studying diffusible factors and further support nitric oxide production as an important mediator in microglia-induced neuron death. 相似文献
82.
In response to gravitational stresses, angiosperm trees form tension wood in the upper sides of branches and leaning stems in which cellulose content is higher, microfibrils are typically aligned closely with the fibre axis and the fibres often have a thick inner gelatinous cell wall layer (G-layer). Gene expression was studied in Eucalyptus nitens branches oriented at 45 degrees using microarrays containing 4900 xylem cDNAs, and wood fibre characteristics revealed by X-ray diffraction, chemical and histochemical methods. Xylem fibres in tension wood (upper branch) had a low microfibril angle, contained few fibres with G-layers and had higher cellulose and decreased Klason lignin compared with lower branch wood. Expression of two closely related fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins and a beta-tubulin was inversely correlated with microfibril angle in upper and lower xylem from branches. Structural and chemical modifications throughout the secondary cell walls of fibres sufficient to resist tension forces in branches can occur in the absence of G-layer enriched fibres and some important genes involved in responses to gravitational stress in eucalypt xylem are identified. 相似文献
83.
84.
Radical graft functional modification of cellulose with allyl monomers: Chemistry and structure characterization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cotton cellulose was successfully functionalized via a free radical graft polymerization process. Potassium persulfate served as an effective water soluble radical initiator to generate cellulosic radicals. The polymeric radicals could react with allyl monomers such as allyl-dimethylhydantion (ADMH) to form surface grafted cellulose. The reaction sites generated by potassium persulfate were probably at carbon 3 and 4 in glucose ring via oxidative hydrogen abstraction. The cellulosic radicals can initiate grafting polymerization of ADMH with a maximum polymerization degree of about 12 based on LC–MS results. The radical graft polymerization mechanisms were proposed based on LC–ESI/MS analysis. The ideal covalent bonding between cellulose and poly (allyl-dimethylhydantion) (PADMH) ensured permanent graft of the monomers on cotton and durability of the expected functions on the treated cotton. 相似文献
85.
To determine the effect of tryptophan and pH on sporulation of Coniothyrium minitans, the fungus was cultivated using a two-stage, agar plate method in which addition of tryptophan and pH were controlled at
the sporulation stage. The spore yield was enhanced by 4 times with 0.1 g tryptophan/l addition after 72 h. The optimal pH
values were 4 for mycelia growth and 5.8–6 for sporulation. Mycelia grown at pH 6 had a higher productivity of spore production
than did those grown at pH 4. 相似文献
86.
Pushpa Singh Archna Suman Priyanka Tiwari Namita Arya Asha Gaur A. K. Shrivastava 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(5):667-673
Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomasses, the first step in their conversion to utilizable molecules requires very high energy
(steam and electricity), corrosion resistant high-pressure reactors and high temperatures. These severe conditions not only
add to the cost component of the entire process but also lead to the loss of sugars to the side reactions. Microbial pretreatments
have been reported to be associated with reducing the cost factors as well as the severities of the reactions. Eight bioagents,
including fungi and bacteria, were screened for their pretreatment effects on sugarcane trash. They narrowed down the C:N
ratio of trash from 108:1 to a varying range of approximately 42:1 to 60:1.The maximum drop in C:N ratio of 61% was observed
using Aspergillus terreus followed by Cellulomonas uda (52%) and Trichoderma reesei and Zymomonas mobilis (49%). The bioagents helped in degradation of sugarcane trash by production of cellulases, the maximum being produced by
A. terreus, (12 fold) followed by C. uda (10 fold), Cellulomonas cartae (9 fold) and Bacillus macerans (8 fold). The microbial pretreatment of trash rendered the easy accessibility of sugars for enzymatic hydrolysis, which can be directed
for production of alcohol. 相似文献
87.
Cellulose synthesized by Acetobacter xylinum in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The structure of bacterial cellulose is affected by the bacterial strain used, culture media and cultivation conditions. In this study, acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were added into a static culture medium and their effect on bacterial cellulose structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), CP/MAS (13)C NMR and X-ray diffractometry. The bacterial cellulose ribbons and the MWNTs interwound and formed a three-dimensional network architecture. Band-like assemblies with sharp bends and rigidity were also produced in the presence of MWNTs. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds in bacterial cellulose produced in the presence of MWNTs were weakened. The crystal structure, cellulose I(alpha) content, crystallinity index (CrI) and crystallite size all changed. The results may suggest that the acid-treated MWNTs containing hydroxyl groups interact with the sub-elementary bacterial cellulose fibrils, subsequently interfering with the aggregation and crystallization. 相似文献
88.
Boric acid inhibited the acid-catalyzed depolymerization of cellulose in sulfolane, a non-aqueous medium, at high temperature. Formation of the dehydration products such as levoglucosenone, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural were also effectively inhibited. Similar inhibition was observed for cellooligosaccharides and starch, although the glucosidic bonds in methyl glucopyranosides and methyl cellobioside were cleaved to form alpha-d-glucofuranose cyclic 1,2:3,5-bisborate. 相似文献
89.
Seven wheat straw cellulose preparations were isolated by a two-stage acidic organosolv treatment followed by cyanamide activated hydrogen peroxide bleaching. The effects of concentration of acetic and formic acids on the yield of cellulose and degradation of lignin and non-cellulose polysaccharides were investigated. Organic acids were more effective than alcohols on the degradation of lignin and hemicelluloses. Formic acid/acetic acid/water (30/60/10, v/v/v) system was found to be the most effective in delignification and removal of non-cellulose polysaccharides from the straw and did not have any undesirable effects on cellulose properties such as its intrinsic viscosity. In this case, the treatment removed 94.1% of the original lignin and 76.5% of the original hemicelluloses using 0.1% HCl as a catalyst at 85 °C for 4 h. Cyanamide activated hydrogen peroxide bleaching degraded substantial amounts of residual hemicelluloses and lignin, produced the cellulose samples having a relatively high purity. Under a best condition, a cellulose relatively free of lignin (0.7%) and with intrinsic viscosity of 393 ml g−1 and favourable molar mass (213,940 g mol−1) was obtained. Both unbleached and bleached cellulose preparations were further characterised by FT-IR and CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy, and thermal stability. 相似文献
90.
On the alignment of cellulose microfibrils by cortical microtubules: A review and a model 总被引:34,自引:0,他引:34
Tobias I. Baskin 《Protoplasma》2001,215(1-4):150-171
Summary The hypothesis that microtubules align microfibrils, termed the alignment hypothesis, states that there is a causal link between the orientation of cortical microtubules and the orientation of nascent microfibrils. I have assessed the generality of this hypothesis by reviewing what is known about the relation between microtubules and microfibrils in a wide group of examples: in algae of the family Characeae,Closterium acerosum, Oocystis solitaria, and certain genera of green coenocytes and in land plant tip-growing cells, xylem, diffusely growing cells, and protoplasts. The salient features about microfibril alignment to emerge are as follows. Cellulose microfibrils can be aligned by cortical microtubules, thus supporting the alignment hypothesis. Alignment of microfibrils can occur independently of microtubules, showing that an alternative to the alignment hypothesis must exist. Microfibril organization is often random, suggesting that self-assembly is insufficient. Microfibril organization differs on different faces of the same cell, suggesting that microfibrils are aligned locally, not with respect to the entire cell. Nascent microfibrils appear to associate tightly with the plasma membrane. To account for these observations, I present a model that posits alignment to be mediated through binding the nascent microfibril. The model, termed templated incorporation, postulates that the nascent microfibril is incorporated into the cell wall by binding to a scaffold that is oriented; further, the scaffold is built and oriented around either already incorporated microfibrils or plasma membrane proteins, or both. The role of cortical microtubules is to bind and orient components of the scaffold at the plasma membrane. In this way, spatial information to align the microfibrils may come from either the cell wall or the cell interior, and microfibril alignment with and without microtubules are subsets of a single mechanism.Dedicated to Professor Brian E. S. Gunning on the occasion of his 65th birthday 相似文献