Quantitative characteristic of the catalytic properties and microstructure of cross-linked enzyme aggregates of penicillin acylase

The microstructure and the catalytic properties of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) of penicillin acylase (PA) obtained under different conditions were investigated. The period of time left between the enzyme precipitation and the cross-linking step was found to influence the structural organization of the resulting enzyme preparation. Confocal fluorescent microscopy of the so-called “fresh” and “mature” CLEAs PA allowed to estimate the “characteristic” diameter of CLEA PA particles, which appeared to be about 1.6 μm, and revealed that the “mature” type was composed of relatively big particles as compared to the “fresh” type. Complementary kinetic studies showed that the “mature” CLEA PA were more effective in both hydrolytic and synthetic reactions. It was suggested that the aggregate size might regulate the extent of covalent modification of PA and thereby influence the catalytic properties of CLEA.     

Properties and purification of the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase of adipose tissue

The catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase from rat adipose tissue was purified to apparent homogeneity by making use of the differential binding of the holoenzyme and the free catalytic subunit to CM-Sephadex and by gel chromatography. Stability and yield was improved by inclusion of nonionic detergent in all steps after dissociation of the holoenzyme. Isoelectric focusing separated enzyme species with pI values of 7.8 and 8.6–8.8. The amino acid composition was similar to the enzyme purified from other tissues. Enzyme activity was markedly unstable in dilute solutions (<5 μg/ml). Additions of nonionic detergent, glycerol, bovine serum albumin and, especially, histones stabilized the enzyme. With protamine, the catalytic subunit had an apparent K_m of 60 μM and V_max of 20 μmol·min⁻¹·mg⁻¹, corresponding values with mixed histones were 12 μM and 1.2 μmol·min⁻¹·mg⁻¹. With both protein substrates the apparent K_m for ATP was 11 μM. Concentrations of Mg²⁺ above 10 mM were inhibitory. Histone phosphorylation was inhibited by NaCl (50% at 0.5 M NaCl) while protamine phosphorylation was stimulated (4-fold at 1 M NaCl). Inorganic phosphate inhibited both substrates (histones: 50% at 0.3 M, and protamine: 50% at 0.5 M). pH optimum was around pH 9 with both substrates. The catalytic subunit contained 2.0 (range of three determinations, 1.7–2.3) mol phosphate/mol protein. It was autophosphorylated and incorporated ³²P_i from [γ-³²P]ATP in a time-dependent process, reaching saturation when approx. 0.1 mol phosphate/mol catalytic subunit was incorporated.     

定点突变改善PvEH1对邻甲基苯基缩水甘油醚的催化特性

环氧化物水解酶能够对外消旋环氧化物进行动力学拆分保留单构型的环氧化物。测定了菜豆环氧化物水解酶(Pv EH1)针对苯基缩水甘油醚及其甲基衍生物的催化特性,并基于分子对接及多序列比对分析确定7个突变位点,通过单点和组合突变对Pv EH1进行改造,以期改善Pv EH1对邻甲基苯基缩水甘油醚(1a)的催化特性。底物谱分析表明Pv EH1对1a的催化活性(157.2U/g湿细胞)和对映选择性(E=5.6)最高。单点突变结果显示E.coli/pveh1~(L105I)和E.coli/pveh1~(V106I)对1a的催化活性和对映选择性均有明显提高;L105I和V106I位组合突变菌株E.coli/pveh1~(L105I/V106I)的催化活性(493.8U/g湿细胞)是E.coli/pveh1的3.1倍,对映选择性(E=8.3)也提高至E.coli/pveh1的1.5倍。纯化后Pv EH1~(L105I/V106I)的催化活性为17.6U/mg,是Pv EH1的1.5倍,对1a的催化效率提高至Pv EH1的2.1倍。SDS-PAGE分析表明提高了蛋白质的可溶性表达量。利用E.coli/pveh1~(L105I/V106I)全细胞催化100mmol/L 1a水解动力学拆分获得手性纯(R)-1a(ee96%)的产率和时空产率分别为31.2%和5.12g/(L·h),因此,在手性纯(R)-1a的制备中,E.coli/pveh1~(L105I/V106I)是一种颇具潜力的生物催化剂。     

The addition of Co2+ enhances the catalytic efficiency and thermostability of recombinant glucose isomerase from Thermobifida fusca

Glucose isomerase is an important industrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose to fructose. In this study, the effect of cobalt ions (Co²⁺) on the catalytic efficiency and thermostability of recombinant glucose isomerase from Thermobifida fusca was analyzed. The activity of glucose isomerase from engineered Escherichia coli supplemented with 1 mM Co²⁺ (C-GI) reached 41 U/ml, 2.1-fold higher than enzyme prepared from E. coli without additive (GI). The purified C-GI also exhibited an increased specific activity (23.8 U/mg compared to 12.1 U/mg for GI) and a greater thermostability (half-life of 17 h at 75 °C, 11.3-fold higher than GI (1.5 h)). The optimal temperature for C-GI shifted from 80 °C to 85 °C and demonstrated higher activity over pH 7.0–9.0. The k_cat/K_m value of C-GI (89.3 M^?1 s^?1) for the isomerization of glucose to fructose was nearly 1.75-fold higher than that of GI. In addition, the engineered cells were immobilized with the method of flocculation-cross linking. The immobilized cells supplemented with 1 mM Co²⁺ (C-IGI) had a better operational performance than cells without additives (IGI); at the end of 6 cycles, the conversion rate of C-IGI was still 43.1%, meeting the conversion rate requirement.     

Augmenting the efficacy of anti-cocaine catalytic antibodies through chimeric hapten design and combinatorial vaccination

Given the need for further improvements in anti-cocaine vaccination strategies, a chimeric hapten (GNET) was developed that combines chemically-stable structural features from steady-state haptens with the hydrolytic functionality present in transition-state mimetic haptens. Additionally, as a further investigation into the generation of an improved bifunctional antibody pool, sequential vaccination with steady-state and transition-state mimetic haptens was undertaken. While GNET induced the formation of catalytically-active antibodies, it did not improve overall behavioral efficacy. In contrast, the resulting pool of antibodies from GNE/GNT co-administration demonstrated intermediate efficacy as compared to antibodies developed from either hapten alone. Overall, improved antibody catalytic efficiency appears necessary to achieve the synergistic benefits of combining cocaine hydrolysis with peripheral sequestration.     

Functional characteristics of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases C from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis

Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C was purified from the culture medium of B. thuringiensis to high specific activity using a procedure we recently described for purification of PI-PLC from B. cereus (Volwerk et al. (1989) J. Cell. Biochem. 39, 315-325). The purified enzymes from B. thuringiensis and B. cereus have similar specific activities towards hydrolysis of the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol, and also towards hydrolysis of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-containing membrane anchor of bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. These results indicate very similar catalytic properties for the structurally homologous PI-specific phospholipases C secreted by these bacilli.     

大鼠SUMO特异性蛋白酶1催化区蛋白制备及功能鉴定*

目的: 制备大鼠SUMO特异性蛋白酶1(sentrin-specific protease,SENP1)催化结构域(SENP1C)蛋白,并鉴定其酶活性。方法: 分别以大鼠SENP1-pcDNA3.1和EGFP-pcDNA3.1重组体为模板,PCR扩增目的基因,克隆入pGEM-T载体;酶切鉴定后,再亚克隆入原核表达载体pET-28a;阳性重组体导入原核表达细胞BL-21,异丙基硫半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导蛋白质表达;SDS-PAGE及考马斯亮蓝染色鉴定蛋白质的表达。Ni-NTA吸附纯化蛋白质并透析处理,SDS-PAGE及考马斯亮蓝染色鉴定蛋白质的纯度;1 μmol/L及5 μmol/L Tat-EGFP分别孵育HT22细胞不同时间,荧光显微镜下观察细胞转染情况。采用5 μmol/L Tat-SENP1C预孵育HT22细胞10 h,免疫印迹检测整体蛋白质的SUMO化水平;用5 μmol/L Tat-SENP1C预孵育HT22细胞或过表达Myc-Akt1和HA-SUMO1的HT22细胞10 h后,免疫沉淀和免疫印迹检测内源性和外源性Akt1与SUMO1的结合(SUMO化)。结果: Tat-SENP1C-pET-28a和Tat-EGFP-pET-28a重组原核表达载体成功构建,IPTG可以诱导蛋白质高表达;采用Ni-NTA纯化和透析可获得较高纯度的蛋白质;5 μmol/L Tat-EGFP孵育HT22 细胞10 h后,蛋白质穿膜效率较高;Tat-SENP1C重组蛋白可以显著降低HT22细胞中整体蛋白质的SUMO化以及内源性和外源性Akt1 SUMO化。结论: Tat-SENP1C-pET-28a和Tat-EGFP-pET-28a重组原核表达载体构建成功,且被IPTG诱导后可高效表达蛋白质;纯化的Tat-SENP1C蛋白具有较强的穿膜能力及酶活性。     

Identification of important residues in diketoreductase from Acinetobacter baylyi by molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis

Diketoreductase (DKR) from Acinetobacter baylyi exhibits a unique property of double reduction of a β, δ-diketo ester with excellent stereoselectivity, which can serve as an efficient biocatalyst for the preparation of an important chiral intermediate for cholesterol lowering statin drugs. Taken the advantage of high homology between DKR and human heart 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), a molecular model was created to compare the tertiary structures of DKR and HAD. In addition to the possible participation of His-143 in the enzyme catalysis by pH profile, three key amino acid residues, Ser-122, His-143 and Glu-155, were identified and mutated to explore the possibility of involving in the catalytic process. The catalytic activities for mutants S122A/C, H143A/K and E155Q were below detectable level, while their binding affinities to the diketo ester substrate and cofactor NADH did not change obviously. The experimental results were further supported by molecular docking, suggesting that Ser-122 and His-143 were essential for the proton transfer to the carbonyl functional groups of the substrate. Moreover, Glu-155 was crucial for maintaining the proper orientation and protonation of the imidazole ring of His-143 for efficient catalysis.     

Does F1-ATPase have a catalytic site that preferentially binds MgADP?

During ATP synthesis, ATP synthase has to bind MgADP in the presence of an excess of MgATP. Thus, for efficient ATP synthesis it would be desirable if incoming substrate could be bound to a catalytic site with a preference for MgADP over MgATP. We tested three hypotheses predicting the existence of such a site. However, our results showed that, at least in absence of an electrochemical proton gradient, none of the three catalytic sites has a higher affinity for MgADP than for MgATP.     

26 kDa endochitinase from barley seeds: Real-time monitoring of the enzymatic reaction and substrate binding experiments using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A 26 kDa endochitinase from barley seeds was enzymatically characterized exclusively by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). At first, oligosaccharide hydrolysis catalyzed by the barley chitinase was monitored in real-time by ESI-MS. The reaction time-course obtained by ESI-MS monitoring was found to be consistent with the data obtained earlier by HPLC, and the quantitative profile was successfully simulated by kinetic modeling of the enzymatic hydrolysis. It is obvious that the real-time monitoring method by ESI-MS allows a faster and cheaper determination of the chitinase activity with unlabeled substrate. Further, the enzymatic activity of the E67Q mutant of the barley chitinase was analyzed and the role of Glu67 was discussed comparing the mass spectra of enzyme protein obtained in native and in denatured conditions. Then it was determined that the observed loss of the enzymatic activity in E67Q is definitely caused by a point mutation of Glu67 but not due to partial unfolding of the mutated enzyme. Finally, association constants of enzyme–oligosaccharide complexes were calculated from Scatchard plots obtained by mass spectra. The binding free energy values obtained for E67Q were found to be comparable to those previously obtained in liquid phase, but less dependent upon the chain length of the oligosaccharides. To our knowledge, this study is the first enzymatic characterization of chitinase exclusively by such an innovative ESI-MS system.