滇青冈和高山栲种子昆虫寄生及其对种群更新的影响

对昆明西山地区滇青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides)和高山栲(Castanopsis delavayi)种子(坚果)虫蛀率在两个年份、整个落种期和山坡不同部位的变化情况进行研究,结果表明：① 寄生于滇青冈种子内的象甲为青冈象(Curculio megadens)和Curculio sp.,寄生于高山栲种子内的象甲是Curculio sp.和剪枝象(Cyllorhynchites sp.);② 滇青冈样地的虫蛀率为2484%~2760%,样地间无显著差异,两年间的平均虫蛀率亦无显著差异;高山栲样地间虫蛀率为1794%~2655%,有显著差异性,两年间的平均虫蛀率也有显著差异。③ 高山栲的下落种子虫蛀率随时间逐步下降,9月和10月中下旬出现两个虫蛀率的高峰期;高山栲种子内寄生的昆虫落地后即入土化蛹,滇青冈落地种子内的寄生昆虫在初期会滞留一段时间;④ 虫蛀率与林下实生苗数量无显著相关性,实生苗多集中在大树周围以及草本层植物较丰富的小生境。     

常绿阔叶林林冠环境对栲幼苗建成的影响

植物幼苗建成阶段是决定种群自然更新的关键生活史阶段。研究林冠环境对常绿阔叶林优势种幼苗建成阶段的影响对该类森林的恢复和管理具有重要意义。2014-2016年, 该研究在重庆市缙云山国家级自然保护区的常绿阔叶林的不同林冠环境(大林窗: >150 m ², 中林窗: 100-150 m ², 小林窗: 50-100 m ², 对照: 林下)下进行栲(Castanopsis fargesii)种子野外播种实验, 并对栲幼苗命运和生长情况进行了3年的持续监测。结果表明: (1)栲幼苗出土时间从7月持续到12月, 出苗时间较长, 大林窗对幼苗出土具有延迟作用; (2)栲种子野外平均萌发率为(62.8 ± 2.0)%, 第3个生长季(2016年)末幼苗平均存活率为(65.1 ± 2.2)%, 枯萎是栲幼苗死亡的主要原因; (3)林冠环境对栲种子萌发率及第1个生长季(2014年)末的幼苗存活率无显著影响, 对第2个(2015年)和第3个生长季末的幼苗存活率具有显著影响; (4)林冠环境在第1个生长季对幼苗生长无明显影响, 但在第2个和第3个生长季具有显著影响, 大、中林窗中幼苗总生物量、株高、基径、根长和叶片数显著高于林下, 比叶面积显著低于林下; (5) 3个生长季内, 4类林冠条件下栲幼苗的叶质量比和茎质量比升高, 根质量比和根冠比降低, 并且从第2个生长季开始大林窗中栲幼苗的叶质量比显著高于林下, 根质量比和根冠比显著低于林下。栲幼苗早期的存活和生长依赖种子储存的能量, 受林冠条件影响较弱, 后期则依赖光合作用, 受林冠条件影响较强, 从整个幼苗建成过程看, 大、中林窗更有利于栲幼苗定居。     

海南特有极小种群植物文昌锥的SCoT-PCR体系建立及有效引物评价

为了应用SCoT分子标记研究文昌锥种质资源,通过单因素试验和正交试验2种方法,分析DNA、引物、dNTPs、Taq DNA聚合酶这4种因素对文昌锥SCoT-PCR扩增结果的影响,优化建立文昌锥SCoT-PCR体系,并对文昌锥SCoT标记引物进行有效性评价。结果表明：各个因子对SCoT-PCR扩增影响大小依次为：DNA > dNTPs > 引物 > Taq DNA聚合酶;最优反应体系为：总体系为20 μL,DNA含量为2.5 ng,引物浓度为0.8 μmol·L^-1,dNTPs浓度为0.2 mmol·L^-1,Taq DNA聚合酶的含量1 U;经验证,该体系获得的扩增产物清晰、稳定;应用该体系筛选出15条多态性好且适合文昌锥扩增的引物,为今后利用SCoT分子标记技术对文昌锥及其他壳斗科植物进行相关研究提供技术支持。     

Leading-edge populations do not show low genetic diversity or high differentiation in a wind-pollinated tree

Climate changes can shift species’ ranges. Knowledge on genetic variation of the leading-edge populations provides critical information to understand responses and adaptation of plants to projected climate warming. To date, the research into genetic variation of leading-edge populations has been limited, particularly in the role of wind-mediated pollen flow in maintaining high genetic variation. Castanopsis sclerophylla (Fagaceae) is a wind-pollinated and gravity-dispersed tree. In the present study, we used seven polymorphic microsatellites to genotype 482 samples from five leading-edge and 12 non-edge populations. Significant effects of recent population bottleneck events were found in three of the five leading-edge populations, indicating that the leading-edge populations might have been recolonized after the Last Glacial Maximum. Genetic diversity was higher, though not significantly, in leading-edge than in non-edge populations. Relationship between genetic diversity and latitude indicated an increasing trend of genetic diversity towards leading-edge populations. No significant difference in genetic differentiation was found between leading-edge and non-edge populations. The inconsistence with the general predictions by leading-edge colonization model could be explained by high gene flow via pollen grains. Pollen-mediated gene flow could maintain high genetic diversity within and low differentiation among leading-edge populations. In response to climate warming, high genetic variation may provide leading-edge populations raw materials for evolutionary adaptation to future environmental conditions.     

中国板栗EST-SSR分子标记在栲树中的通用性分析

简单重复序列也称为微卫星分子标记,不仅在同属近缘种间具有良好的通用性,甚至在近缘属间也具有一定的通用性。本研究利用壳斗科基因组信息数据库中公布的中国板栗124对多态的EST-SSR引物在栲树中进行跨属(栗属到栲属)通用性研究,结果显示中国板栗EST-SSR引物在栲树中通用性和多态性分别为42.7%和56.6%;使用19对多态的EST-SSR引物对4个栲树自然居群的遗传多样性进行初步分析,结果显示栲树自然居群具有较高的遗传多样性(Na=6.105,Ho=0.563,He=0.621)。这些引物为栲树群体遗传学的深入研究提供了有力工具。     

Fragmentation reduces regional‐scale spatial genetic structure in a wind‐pollinated tree because genetic barriers are removed

Gene flow strongly influences the regional genetic structuring of plant populations. Seed and pollen dispersal patterns can respond differently to the increased isolation resulting from habitat fragmentation, with unpredictable consequences for gene flow and population structuring. In a recently fragmented landscape we compared the pre‐ and post‐fragmentation genetic structure of populations of a tree species where pollen and seed dispersal respond differentially to forest fragmentation generated by flooding. Castanopsis sclerophylla is wind‐pollinated, with seeds that are dispersed by gravity and rodents. Using microsatellites, we found no significant difference in genetic diversity between pre‐ and post‐fragmentation cohorts. Significant genetic structure was observed in pre‐fragmentation cohorts, due to an unknown genetic barrier that had isolated one small population. Among post‐fragmentation cohorts this genetic barrier had disappeared and genetic structure was significantly weakened. The strengths of genetic structuring were at a similar level in both cohorts, suggesting that overall gene flow of C. sclerophylla has been unchanged by fragmentation at the regional scale. Fragmentation has blocked seed dispersal among habitats, but this appears to have been compensated for by enhanced pollen dispersal, as indicated by the disappearance of a genetic barrier, probably as a result of increased wind speeds and easier pollen movement over water. Extensive pollen flow can counteract some negative effects of fragmentation and assist the long‐term persistence of small remnant populations.     

浙江天目山苦槠种群结构和动态研究

选取了6个代表性样地对浙江天目山的苦槠种群结构和动态进行了研究,研究结果表明：苦槠种群的结构为衰败型：种群结构存在着幼龄种苗数量较少,部分样地有缺失现象。种群结构总体分布格局为随机型,不同阶段幼苗—幼树—中树—大树动态格局趋势表现为聚集—聚集—随机过渡—随机型。造成这种现象的原因一方面是由于大量的结实种子易被啮齿类捕食所致;另一方面也与苦槠的生物学特性和生境密切相关。苦槠种群维持和更新繁殖方式的适应性特点表现为无性萌生繁殖贡献率远远大于有性繁殖,种群主要通过萌生的方式来维持种群的更新和存活,并在一定程度上影响了演替的方向。衰败型苦槠种群的生态恢复可通过控制鼠害和移栽幼苗的策略。     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Castanopsis chinensis Hance (Fagaceae)

Twelve novel microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from enriched genomic libraries of Castanopsis chinensis. Four previously reported microsatellites from Castanopsis cuspidata were cross-amplified in C. chinensis. Forty-two sample trees from a wild population were tested for polymorphism using a set of the 16 polymorphic microsatellites. The average allele number of these microsatellites was 4.6 per locus, ranging from 2 to 7. The ranges of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.262–1.000 and 0.238–0.818, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were detected at five loci and no linkage disequilibrium was observed.     

The effects of seed abundance on seed predation and dispersal by rodents in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Castanopsis fargesii</Emphasis> (Fagaceae)

Based on the animal dispersal hypothesis and the predator satiation hypothesis, we examined the effects of seed abundance at both population (i.e., mast seeding) and community levels on seed predation and dispersal of Castanopsis fargesii (Fagaceae), a rodent-dispersed mast species in Eastern Asia. In a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in the Dujiangyan region of Sichuan Province, China, individual seeds with coded tin tags were tracked in two contrasting stands (seed-poor and seed-rich) over two years (2000, a low-seed year; 2001, a high-seed year). Our results showed that: (1) small rodents did not harvest the tagged seeds of C. fargesii more rapid in the high-seed year than in the low-seed year in either stand. But, seed harvest was significantly faster in the seed-rich stand than in the seed-poor stand. (2) The removal proportion was significantly lower in the high-seed year than in the low-seed year for either stand, but the removal proportion was slightly higher in the seed-poor stand than in the seed-poor stand. This indicates that high seed abundance decreases seed removal (predator satiation hypothesis). (3) There were only small differences about seed caching, seed survival and seedling establishment of C. fargesii between years and stands. During the survey, no cached seeds survived to geminate in the spring for both stands and years. (4) Mean dispersal distances of the cached seeds are much shorter in the high-seed year (3.1 m) than in the low-seed year (8.1 m) in the seed-rich stand, though similar trend is not examined in the seed-poor stand. Our results indicate that seed predation and dispersal of C. fargesii are influenced by both mast seeding and community-level seed abundance, which is not completely consistent with either the animal dispersal hypothesis or the predator satiation hypothesis, but seems more related to the predator satiation hypothesis.