人工诱导异源四倍体,新四倍体及异源三倍体白鲫的细胞遗传学研究

作者比较了第一代异源四倍体鱼、异源三倍体鱼、新四倍体鱼与亲本白鲫、红鲫及其杂交一代的染色体组型。三种亲本的二倍体染色体数均为100,但其组型分组各有差异,白鲫染色体组型公式：12m＋36sm＋32st十20t,NF＝148,在亚中着丝点组中有一对特大的标记染色体;红鲫染色体组型：20m＋34sm＋26st＋20t,NF＝154;白鲫×红鲫杂种染色体组型：16m＋35sm＋29st＋20t,NF＝151,有一条与白鲫相似的特大标记染色体,证实其组型由白鲫和红鲫各提供一套染色体组组成。异源三倍体的染色体数为150,是亲本的1.5倍,染色体组型是：22m＋53sm＋45st＋30t,NF＝225,在亚中着丝点组中有一对特大标记染色体,表明异源三倍体的染色体组型含有两套白鲫染色体组和一套红鲫染色体组。第一代异源四倍体和新四倍体鱼染色体数目为其亲本的2倍,4n＝200。前者的染色体组型为：32m＋70sm＋58st＋40t,NF＝302,一对与白鲫相似的特大标记染色体明显可见,证明其染色体组型由白鲫和红鲫各提供两套染色体组。新四倍体的染色体组组型为：28m＋71sm＋61st＋40t,NF＝299,分裂相中三条特大的标记染色体较明显,推测其染色体组型由三套白鲫染色体组和一套红鲫染色体组组成。结果表明：第一代异源四倍体、异源三倍体和新四倍体与三种亲本的     

稀有鮈鲫对草鱼出血病病毒敏感性的初步研究

本文报道稀有鲫对草鱼出血病病毒（ＧＣＨＶ）的敏感性。ＧＣＨＶ是草鱼出血病的病原,用ＧＣＨＶ人工感好１－６月龄的稀有鲫,在水温２２－３２℃时能导致稀有鲫出现出血病症状。在水温２８℃时,病鱼在ｌｄ内死亡,潜伏期为５ｄ,发病高峰期在感染后第６－８ｄ。ＧＣＨＶ能在稀有鲫体内传代,并诱导８０％以上的稀行鲫患病死亡。将人工感染ＧＣＨＶ的稀有鲫病鱼组织超薄切片,电镜观察,发现在肠道、脾脏、肾脏等组织中存在大小与形态和ＧＣＨＶ相似的病毒颗粒。从稀有鲫出血病病鱼组织中纯化病毒,免疫电镜观察,发现病毒颗粒能被ＧＣＨＶ的特异性抗体聚集成团。由上可知,稀有鲫出血病是由ＧＣＨＶ感染所致,稀有鲫对ＧＣＨＶ是敏感的,可以作为草鱼抗出血病育种的模型。     

Diurnal and seasonal profiles of melatonin in the liver and their correlates of ovarian functions under natural photo-thermal conditions in adult carp Catla catla

Present study aimed to demonstrate daily rhythm features of hepatic melatonin concentrations in relation to ovarian functions during four reproductive phases of an annual cycle by measuring the levels of melatonin, 17-β estradiol (E2), vitellogenin (Vg) and maturation inducing hormone (MIH) in the liver and/or serum of adult carp Catla catla. Melatonin titres in liver, irrespective of reproductive phase, underwent daily variations with a peak in early dark phase and nadir at midday. However, the acrophase (Ø) of serum melatonin varied from late night in preparatory phase to midnight in the remaining parts of annual cycle. Their amplitude was highest during post-spawning phase and lowest during spawning phase. Hepatic E2 levels showed daily peak at midday and seasonal peak during pre-spawning phase. Though levels of serum Vg proteins and MIH did not exhibit daily variations, underwent seasonal changes with the highest and lowest values during spawning and post-spawning phases respectively. Hepatic melatonin titres always displayed significant negative correlation with the levels of both E2 and Vg. In essence, our study presented the first data on the daily and seasonal rhythm features of hepatic melatonin in carp and underlined their temporal relationship with the functions of ovary in any fish species.     

岳鲤及其双亲(荷包红鲤♀、湘江野鲤♂)LDH同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,结合CS910双波长扫描分析了岳鲤及其双亲(荷包红鲤♀、湘江野鲤♂)6种组织的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶(Lactate Dehydrogenase,LDH)。结果表明:岳鲤及其双亲的LDH同工酶均存在组织特异性;亲本之间LDH同工酶的差异主要表现在肝脏;亲本各组织的大多数LDH同工酶在F_1代得到表现;亲本及F_1代的LDH同工酶可能由基因位点AA′BB′共同控制。本文还讨论了LDH同工酶分析和杂交结果预测的关系。     

Microridges of oral mucosal epithelium in carp,Cyprinus carpio

Summary The surface of carp oral mucosa is characterized by various patterns of microridges about 0.3 m wide, 0.1 m high, and of various lengths. To elucidate the derivation and function of these microridges, the oral epithelium was examined by light- and electron microscopy. Microridges were present only on the surfaces of the superficial cells. Therefore, microridges on renewed superficial cells are presumed to be formed after old superficial cells have been discarded, and the various patterns of microridges found on the cell surface appear to indicate the progress of their development. In thin sections, the outer leaflet of the plasma membranes of microridges stained strongly with ruthenium red, and the underlying cytoplasm was packed with many fine filaments. The superficial cells contained many secretory vesicles that were PAS-positive but Alcian blue-negative at pH 2.5 and pH 1.0. However, after sulfation the vesicles gave a positive reaction with toluidine blue. These vesicles are secreted by exocytosis at the free surface of the cells. After release, the membranes of the vesicles are thought to be utilized for formation of microridges. On the basis of these observations, the possible function of microridges is discussed.This study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan     

Evaluation of fall armyworm resistance in maize germplasm lines using visual leaf injury rating and predator survey

After examining ear-colonizing pest resistance, 20 maize lines from the USDA- ARS Germplasm Enhancement of Maize （GEM） Program were evaluated for whorl-feeding fall armyworm （FAW） （Spodopterafrugiperda） resistance using 4 maize inbred lines as the resistant and susceptible controls. Both FAW injury ratings at 7- and 14-d after infestation, and predator abundance and diversity at whorl stage （V6-V8） were recorded in 2009 and 2010. The survey of the diversity and abundance of predators in each experimental plot were conducted 7 d after the FAW infestation. Of the 20 germplasm lines examined, 3 of them （i.e., entries 9, 15, and 19 that were derived from tropical maize germplasm lines were originated from Uruguay, Cuba, and Thailand, respectively） were identified as the best FAW-resistant germplasm lines using the leaf injury ratings and predator survey data. In addition, the abundance and diversity of the predators were greater in 2010 than in 2009, which might have caused the low level of the FAW injury ratings on all lines examined in 2010. The 2-year data showed that the FAW injury ratings were negatively correlated to the predator abundance and diversity, which is also influence by genotype × environment interactions. The findings suggested that tropical germplasm is an important source of native resistance to the FAW and the corn earworm. At the same time, the maize genotype x environment interaction （e.g., predator attractiveness, and varying weather conditions） should be included in the multiple-year evaluations of insect and disease resistance of maize germplasm lines under field conditions.     

脆化草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus C.et V)的病理生理生态学

分别就形态、生态和病理学性状对处于脆化终极阶段（LD50≥6．67kg／kgbw）的草鱼与普通草鱼进行比较分析。高度脆化的草鱼在生态学上出现明显变化,体长和体重的指数方程W=al^n显著不同于普通草鱼,DO阈值由平均值O．54mg／L上升到平均值1．68mg／L,CO2麻醉浓度（呼吸抑制值）由194mg／L高浓度下降到52．42～65．36mg／L,Root效应及Broh效应显著改变。解剖分析表明,草鱼脆化过程是渐进性组织病变的生理过程,包括各系统器官的功能性病变,最终使过度脆化的草鱼由于血液循环障碍直接导致死亡。草鱼脆化死亡具有明显的饲料（蚕豆）累积剂量——效应反应的毒理学规律,脆化草鱼的体长与体重的指数方程W=18．1719L^2.4360可作为华南地区商品脆肉鲩标准的参考。研究结果将为脆化草鱼规模化集约养殖和提高脆化草鱼长途运输成活率提供参考。     

Molecular cloning and characterization of alpha-class glutathione S-transferase gene from the liver of silver carp, bighead carp, and other major Chinese freshwater fishes

Two full-length cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) were cloned and sequenced from the hepatopancreas of planktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The silver carp and bighead carp GST cDNA were 920 and 978 bp in length, respectively, and both contained an open reading frame that encoding 223 amino acids. Partial GST cDNA sequences were also obtained from the liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), crucian carp (Carassius auratu), mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), and tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). All these GSTs could be classified as alpha-class GSTs on the basis of their amino acid sequence identity with other species. The three-dimensional structure of the silver carp GST was predicted using a computer program, and was found to fit the classical two-domain GST structure. Using the genome walker method, a 875-bp 5'-flanking region of the silver carp GST gene was obtained, and several lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response elements were identified in the promoter region of the phytoplanktivorous fish GST gene, indicating that the GST gene expression of this fish might be regulated by LPS, released from the toxic blue-green algae producing microcystins. To compare the constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene among the six freshwater fishes with completely different tolerance to microcystins, beta-actin was used as control and the ratio GST/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined as 130.7 +/- 6.6 (grass carp), 103.1 +/- 8.9 (bighead carp), 92.6 +/- 15.0 (crucian carp), 72.3 +/- 7.8 (mud carp), 58.8 +/- 11.5 (silver carp), and 33.6 +/- 13.7 (tilapia). The constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene clearly shows that all the six freshwater fishes had a negative relationship with their tolerance to microcystins: high-resistant fishes (phytoplanktivorous silver carp and tilapia) had the lowest tolerance to microcystins and the high-sensitive fish (herbivorous grass carp) had the highest tolerance to microcystins. Taken together with the reciprocal relationship of constitutive and inducible liver GST expression level in some of the tested fish species to microcystin exposure, a molecular mechanism for different microcystin detoxification abilities of the warm freshwater fishes was discussed.     

Environmental correlate of the testicular events in a major carp Catla catla in an annual reproductive cycle

Current communication describes annual testicular events in free-living Indian major carp Catla catla and their probable environmental synchronizer(s). The study was initiated with month-wise evaluation of gametogenic and steroidogenic status of the testis, and thus dividing the annual testicular cycle into the preparatory spawning (November to March), the pre-spawning (April to June), the spawning (July to August) and the post-spawning (September to October) phases. An exhaustive statistical analysis of the data on the studied variables of testicular functions and various components of the environment indicated seasonal fluctuations of photoperiod as the major environmental factor associated with the seasonal reproductive activity of this carp. Ambient temperature appeared as a dependent variable of photoperiod, and thereby, may have substantial influences on the development of testis in Catla catla. Rainfall, on the other hand, showed significant correlation only with the peak reproductive activity, i.e. the act of spawning. Collectively, it appears logical to surmise that photo-thermal conditions may act as proximate and rainfall may play a role of ultimate environmental factor in the regulation of annual testicular events in Indian major carp Catla catla.     

‘欧美杨107’组培苗瓶外生根

‘欧美杨107’是近年来重点推广的杨树品种之一,但其组培苗存在移栽成活率不高的问题。本试验研究了‘欧美杨107’组培苗的直接瓶外生根和瓶内复壮后瓶外生根两种生根方式,结果表明,两种方式蘸取IBA的最佳浓度分别为10mg·L-1和100mg·L-1,生根率分别达73.33%和81.67%,移栽成活率分别为62.5%和93.33%。进一步研究发现生根的过程中外源补加0.5mg·L-1IBA溶液能加速生根,使生根周期缩短2周左右。添加1/2MS营养液可促进生根苗茎的生长和根的伸长,有利于移栽成活。瓶内生根苗的生根率高达到95%,但是移栽难以成活,显微镜观察发现瓶外生根苗比瓶内生根苗的根毛发达,验证了瓶外生根苗的根吸收功能更好。该研究对促进‘欧美杨107’组培苗及其转基因苗的推广应用具有重要的现实意义。