气候变暖对我国棉铃虫适生分布区的模拟预测

利用DYMEX软件构建生物气候模型并通过ArcGIS进行图形处理,对棉铃虫在我国当前和气温升高后的潜在适生分布区进行了模拟预测.模拟结果表明,棉铃虫的高度适生区分布在河南中南部、安徽和湖北北部、江西和福建南部、湖南、广西、广东等华北、华南部分地区,以及陕甘交界处天水地区、川藏交界处巴塘地区等;中度适生区在黄河和长江流域的大部分省份;低度适生区主要分布在东北三省、新疆、西藏、青海地区.模拟21世纪末气温升高3℃预测,棉铃虫中度适生区北界由营口、北京、石家庄、太原、延安、兰州、巴塘一线北移至沈阳、呼和浩特、酒泉、格尔木、拉萨一线,纬度北移约3.,海拔升高300～500 m;新疆大面积地区由低度适生区成为中度适生区.气候变暖使棉铃虫当前的少部分高度适生区(天水、巴塘等)面积扩大,但也使部分分布区(华北地区、华南地区、中国台湾、香港和海南地区等)收缩.最后,结合棉铃虫生物学特性对预测结果进行了讨论.     

Influence of soil and microclimate on species composition and grass encroachment in heath succession

Aims and Methods Mostly due to land use changes, European heathlands have become increasingly rare. In addition, the increasing amount of atmospheric nitrogen deposition has resulted in an encroachment of grasses and a loss in species diversity. Despite many investigations, information about the precise environmental parameters that determine the development and maintenance of heathland vegetation is still insufficient. In order to determine the environmental factors that control heath succession and grass encroachment, and to develop appropriate management schemes, we studied the influence of several soil and microclimate parameters on species composition and vegetation characteristics in five successional stages in a coastal heathland on the island of Hiddensee, north-east Germany, where the encroachment of Carex arenaria has become a major problem.Important findings We recorded the highest plant species richness in grey dune and birch forest plots, while the encroachment of C. arenaria let to a significant decline in plant species richness. The most important environmental factors influencing species richness and distribution of single species were microclimate, soil moisture, soil pH and the C/N ratio. While many studies reported the importance of differences in nutrient availability, we found no significant correlations between soil nutrient availability and vegetation pattern. Environmental conditions in dense C. arenaria stands, especially soil properties (e.g. soil pH), showed great differences in comparison to the other successional stages. However, no correlations between the encroachment of C. arenaria and single environmental factors were found. Our results show that not only soil nutrients are important abiotic factors in heaths but that also microclimate and soil moisture play an important role and that many factors are involved in heath succession and in the promotion of grass encroachment. Management plans for the conservation and restoration of heathlands should therefore focus on the specific site conditions and should take several abiotic and biotic factors into account.     

Post-glacial history of the dominant alpine sedge Carex curvula in the European Alpine System inferred from nuclear and chloroplast markers

The alpine sedge Carex curvula ssp. curvula is a clonal, dominant graminoid found in the European Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees and in some of the Balkan Mountains. It is a late-successional species of acidophilous alpine meadows that occurs on sites that were covered by ice during the last glacial maximum (LGM). By applying the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequencing, we attempted to identify the recolonization routes followed by the species after the last ice retreat. We relied on the genetic diversity of 37 populations covering the entire distributional range of the species. As a wind-pollinated species, C. curvula is characterized by a low level of population genetic differentiation. Nuclear and chloroplast data both support the hypothesis of a long-term separation of Eastern (Balkans and Carpathians) and Western (Alps and Pyrenees) lineages. In the Alps, a continuum of genetic depauperation from the east to the west may be related to a recolonization wave originating in the eastern-most parts of the chain, where the main glacial refugium was likely located. The Pyrenean populations are nested within the western Alps group and show a low level of genetic diversity, probably due to recent long-distance colonization. In contrast to the Alps, we found no phylogeographical structure in the Carpathians. The combination of reduced ice extension during the Würm period and the presence of large areas of siliceous substrate at suitable elevation suggest that in contrast to populations in the Alps, the species in the Carpathians underwent a local vertical migration rather than extinction and recolonization over long distance.     

浙江薹草属（莎草科）新分类群

摘要描述及图解了浙江薹草属Carex 5新种和1新变种,它们是：灰帽薹草组sect. Mitratae Kükenth.的天目山薹草Carex tianmushanica C. Z. Zheng & X. F. Jin和拟三穗薹草C. pseudotristachya X. F. Jin & C. Z. Zheng;匏囊薹草组sect. Lageniformes (Ohwi) Nelmes的密毛薹草C. densipilosa C. Z. Zheng & X. F. Jin;菱形果薹草组sect. Rhomboidales Kükenth.的浙南薹草C. austrozhejiangensis C. Z. Zheng & X. F. Jin和朝芳薹草C. chaofangii C. Z. Zheng & X. F. Jin;疏花薹草组sect. Laxiflorae Kunth的无芒长嘴薹草C. longerostrata C. A. Mey. var. exaristata X. F. Jin & C. Z. Zheng。     

Techniques for restoring fen vegetation on cut‐away peatlands in North America

Question: Which restoration measures (reintroduction techniques, reintroduction timing and fertilization) best enable the establishment of fen species on North American cut‐away peatlands? Location: Rivière‐du‐Loup peatland, southern Québec, Canada. Methods: In total, eight treatments which tested a combination of two reintroduction techniques, two reintroduction timings and the use of phosphorus fertilization were tested in a field experiment within a completely randomized block design. Results: Sphagnum transfer, a reintroduction technique commonly used for bog restoration in North America, was effective for establishing Sphagnum and Carex species. The hay transfer method, commonly used for fen restoration in Europe, was much less successful, probably due to questionable viability of reintroduced seeds. The treatments which included light phosphorus fertilization, had a higher Carex cover after three growing seasons. The timing of the reintroductions had no impact on the success of vegetation establishment. However, vegetation reintroduction should be carried out in the spring while the ground is still frozen to minimize other ecological impacts. Conclusions: The success of the diaspore reintroduction technique on small‐scale units indicates that a large‐scale restoration of fens using this technique is feasible.     

Increased solar UV-B radiation may reduce infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in dune grassland plants: evidence from five years of field exposure

An area of coastal dune grassland, dominated by the gramineous species Calamagrostis epigeios and Carex arenaria, was exposed to enhanced levels of UV-B radiation during a five year period. These species showed reduced AM-fungal infection percentages in their roots. In C. epigeios AM infection was reduced by 18%, C. arenaria showed a reduction by 20%. The major effect of enhanced UV-B on AM associations was a reduction of the number of arbuscules. This indicates a reduction in the exchange of nutrients between the symbionts. Since the effect of UV-B on AM associations may result from altered flavonoid levels in the root exudates of the host plants, flavonoid levels in the roots were investigated. No detectable flavonoid concentrations were found in the roots of C. epigeios and C. arenaria. Less effective AM associations can have pronounced negative effects on biodiversity and nutrient dynamics of the dune grassland ecosystem. The possible mechanisms causing these indirect effects of elevated UV-B on below ground AM associations are discussed. We conclude that UV-B induced changes in plant hormone levels are more likely to be the mechanism reducing AMF infection than UV-B induced alterations in flavonoid concentrations in the root exudates of the host plant.     

青藏高原不同海拔梯度2种莎草科牧草模拟体外消化率研究

利用大板山北坡 32 0 0 m～ 380 0 m的海拔梯度 ,分别在 32 0 0 m、340 0 m、360 0 m和380 0 m处选取矮嵩草 ( Kobresia humilis)、黑褐苔草 ( Carex alrofusca) 2种青藏高原重要莎草科牧草 ,并用二级离体培养法模拟测定其体外消化率 ,1 999和 2 0 0 0年的测定结果发现 ,随着海拔升高牧草体外消化率呈增加的趋势 ,海拔高度从 32 0 0 m升高到 380 0 m,矮嵩草叶、矮嵩草茎、黑褐苔草叶、黑褐苔草茎的体外消化率分别增加了 8.30和 4.48、8.45和 5 .0 3、1 0 .94和 9.5 8、7.85和 8.0 9个百分点。显著性分析结果表明 ,牧草体外消化率与牧草所生长的海拔     

地肤子总甙降糖作用的研究

地肤子总甙灌胃给药 ,对正常小鼠血糖无明显影响 ,高剂量尚使血糖略有升高 ,但降低四氧嘧啶所致高血糖小鼠的血糖水平 ;地肤子总甙明显抑制灌胃葡萄糖引起的小鼠血糖升高 ,而对腹腔注射葡萄糖所致小鼠血糖上升无显著影响 ;地肤子总甙剂量依赖性抑制正常小鼠胃排空。上述结果提示地肤子总甙的降糖机制可能与抑制糖在胃肠道的转运或吸收有关 ,该药可望用于糖尿病的治疗