Is the removal of aboveground shrub biomass an effective technique to restore a shrub‐encroached grassland?

Encroachment of woody plants into grasslands is a global phenomenon that has substantial impacts on pastoral productivity and ecosystem services. Over the past half century, pastoralists and land management agencies have explored various options to control woody plants in order to improve ecosystem services in shrub‐encroached grasslands. We examined the effectiveness of controlling the encroachment of the shrub Caragana microphylla into grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. We cut and removed all of the aboveground biomass from 450 shrubs, predicting that the effectiveness of this technique to control shrubs would depend on shrub morphology. Specifically, we expected that larger shrubs with more biomass would be more difficult to kill by cutting than smaller shrubs. A year after treatment, we found that cutting killed only 11% of the 450 treated shrubs, and of these, three‐quarters of the locations that they occupied reverted to grasses and one‐quarter to bare soil. Shrubs that survived the cutting treatment produced more stems and leaf biomass, and therefore had a greater leaf to stem ratio. Shrubs that died after cutting had a lower crown area and basal area, and less stem biomass than shrubs that resprouted within 12 months of cutting. There were no effects of shrub height on the fate of treated shrubs. Cutting had no effect on understory plant cover or richness, but reproductive plants were taller under shrubs that were not cut. Overall, our study showed that removing aboveground shrub biomass by cutting is an ineffective technique for “restoring” the original grassland community unless shrubs are very small. Strategic targeting of small shrubs would be a more effective technique for controlling the spread of C. microphylla in the long term.     

干旱胁迫下镉处理对互叶醉鱼草幼苗生长、镉积累及光合生理的影响

为探究干旱条件下,互叶醉鱼草(Buddleja alternifolia Maxim.)幼苗对重金属镉胁迫的生长及光合生理响应机制,以两年生互叶醉鱼草幼苗为试验材料,设置对照与干旱两个水分处理组(土壤相对含水率分别为:65%—60%,35%—30%),每个水分处理条件下再分别设置3个镉处理浓度(0.28、(0.6+0.28)、(1.2+0.28)mg/kg),共6个处理。测定不同水分及镉处理对互叶醉鱼草生长、生物量、光合参数及体内重金属含量的影响。结果表明:干旱与镉复合胁迫下植物的存活率为100%。镉胁迫、干旱与镉复合胁迫均不同程度抑制了互叶醉鱼草幼苗生长、生物量积累、植株的光合作用及叶绿素含量,且其光合和叶绿素含量的降幅明显大于单一镉胁迫。镉胁迫下,互叶醉鱼草幼苗单株最高镉富集量为69.33 mg/kg,而复合胁迫下单株最高镉富集量为50.68 mg/kg。以上结果表明:干旱胁迫能够加重镉胁迫对植物的影响,使复合胁迫下互叶醉鱼草生长、光合生理及镉富集能力下降。但单一镉胁迫下,互叶醉鱼草对镉具有更强的耐受性,并有较高的生物富集能力,且干旱与Cd复合胁迫下互叶醉鱼草幼苗仍有一定的镉积累量。因此在干旱半干旱区园林绿化以及Cd污染地区的生态建设中,互叶醉鱼草是一种具有巨大应用潜力和前景的灌木树种。     

东北锦鸡儿属一新变种──多花极东锦鸡儿

东北锦鸡儿属一新变种──多花极东锦鸡儿谢航,赵毓棠,杨成禄,杨景隆（东北师范大学生物系长春１３００２４）（旺起林场吉林永吉１３２２２５）关键词多花极东锦鸡儿ＡＮＥＷＶＡＲＩＥＴＹＯＦＣＡＲＡＧＡＮＡＦＲＯＭＮ．Ｅ．ＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＸｉｅＨａｎｇ;Ｚｈａｏ...     

山桐子实生优树选择研究初报

以四川等8个省份的山桐子野生资源为研究对象,通过实地走访和调查,了解山桐子资源分布状况和生态环境,利用产量、含油率等经济性状对山桐子野生群体进行优株选择。结果表明:安徽、江苏、浙江、江西各地主要以山桐子分布,而湖北、湖南、陕西、四川等地主要以山桐子的变异类型——毛叶山桐子为主,其中四川省毛叶山桐子分布较为密集;通过对各地点气候条件和土壤条件分析得出,山桐子适应性强,对气候要求不严,适合在微酸性土壤生长,尤喜肥沃土壤;根据能源油料植物原则对山桐子提出选优标准,从234株山桐子实生树中初步选择43个单株;主成分分析和聚类分析结果将43个单株划分为最高产量、较高产量和中产量3大类,且所有单株的单株产量、单位面积产量和全果含油率3个主要经济指标均高出群体平均值20%以上。本研究为山桐子种质资源收集与评价、优良种质或品种的选育奠定了重要基础。     

水分胁迫对沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)和中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)蒸腾作用影响的比较

多年生灌木沙棘和中间锦鸡儿是黄土高原生态重建的重要物种,设计人工模拟水分胁迫实验,测量沙棘和中间锦鸡儿蒸腾作用的各种指标,研究其蒸腾特性对水分胁迫的适应方式。结果表明,同等水分处理条件下,中间锦鸡儿单叶水平上的蒸腾速率高于沙棘。沙棘和中间锦鸡儿的蒸腾速率日进程在晴天、阴雨天和生长发育的不同阶段明显不同。夜间蒸腾占全天蒸腾的比例相当大,夜间蒸腾在不同物种之间、不同供水量之间存在明显差异,而且越干旱的环境比例越大。两种植物气孔阻力的季节变化格局在不同水分处理间大体相似。沙棘的昼夜蒸腾节律在各种水分处理条件下都表现出明显的气孔振荡现象,而中间锦鸡儿没有。叶片温度、光合有效辐射和气孔阻力是各种水分条件下沙棘和中间锦鸡儿蒸腾作用的共同的限制因子,相对于沙棘,中间锦鸡儿还更多地受到空气相对湿度的影响。     

烈香杜鹃化学成分的研究

从烈香杜鹃的乙酸乙酯提取物中分离得到五个化合物,通过波谱分析鉴定其结构。其中5-羟基-6,7-二甲氧基黄酮,烈香杜鹃素I和烈香杜鹃素Ⅱ为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

一种改进的PAE方法及其在锦鸡儿组(锦鸡儿属)特有性分析中的应用

针对特有性简约性分析（PAE）不足之处,提出一个新的改进分析方法。主要区别是,新方法对分布区内分类群区分了原始和演化,相应地编码为0／1;为了获取分类群原始和演化的特性,分析以分类群分支图为基础。新方法是系统发育与地理分布相统一原理的一个具体的定量化探讨。用新方法分析了豆科锦鸡儿属锦鸡儿组15种,结果表明新方法优于以前的PAE方法。用新的改进方法分析得到的可能的祖先分布区是原始类群树锦鸡儿和一大类属内原始类群的分布区。与目前属的起源问题的一般观点相一致。     

晋、陕、宁、蒙柠条锦鸡儿群落物种多样性对放牧干扰和气象因子的响应

根据晋、陕、宁、蒙地区13个样地的野外调查资料,采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数以及均匀度指数,研究了柠条锦鸡儿群落物种多样性对放牧干扰和气象因子的响应。结果表明：（1）晋、陕、宁、蒙地区柠条锦鸡儿群落组成成分简单,共记录种子植物111种,分属25科,64属,灌木层优势种为柠条锦鸡儿,草本层优势种集中于禾本科、豆科、菊科蒿属和藜科;（2）受人为干扰、土壤和气候等影响,群落的组成、结构及其综合性质具有一定差异性,主要表现在群落的Patrick指数与Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数出现较大的波动,且波动趋势基本一致,Pielou指数表现较为稳定;（3）放牧干扰强度与群落Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数呈极显著相关（P＜0.01）,与Patrick指数、Pielou指数呈显著相关（P＜0.05）,群落丰富度随放牧干扰强度的增大而下降,群落多样性和均匀度指数在D2和D3时呈现峰值,表明适度干扰可以提高群落物种多样性和均匀度;（4）Patrick指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-wiener指数均与年均降水量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与相对湿度呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,共同体现了水分条件是制约柠条锦鸡儿群落物种多样性的决定性因子。     

羽裂蟹甲草对家蝇和白纹伊蚊的杀虫活性和活性成分(英文)

为探明羽裂蟹甲草Cacalia tangutica的杀虫活性及其活性成分, 通过拌糖饲喂法和浸渍法测定了羽裂蟹甲草甲醇提取物对家蝇Musca domestica成虫和白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus 4龄幼虫的毒杀活性, 并采用色谱分离技术和现代波谱技术对羽裂蟹甲草中的化学成分进行了分离鉴定。结果表明： 该植物不同部位甲醇提取物对家蝇成虫和白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫均具有较高的生物活性。从该植物叶和花甲醇提取物中分离鉴定了豆甾醇、 无羁萜、 7 羟基 8 甲氧基香豆素、 7 羟基香豆素、 7, 8 二羟基香豆素、 瑞香素-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、 槲皮素、 山奈酚和β 胡萝卜苷9个化合物。无羁萜、 槲皮素和山奈酚为首次从该植物中分离得到, 500 μg/g拌糖处理48 h后, 其对家蝇成虫的校正死亡率分别为88.30%, 69.90%和77.04%; 50 μg/mL药液处理72 h后, 其对白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为88.49%, 72.22%和71.06%; 均与鱼藤酮差异不显著（P<0.05）, 表现出良好的杀虫活性。本研究说明羽裂蟹甲草对家蝇和白纹伊蚊具有明显的毒杀活性, 是一种潜在的卫生害虫控制剂。     

Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and drought stress on leaf water potential and growth in Caragana intermedia

We studied the responses of leaf water potential (Ψ_w), morphology, biomass accumulation and allocation, and canopy productivity index (CPI) to the combined effects of elevated CO₂ and drought stress in Caragana intermedia seedlings. Seedlings were grown at two CO₂ concentrations (350 and 700 μmol mol⁻¹) interacted with three water regimes (60–70%, 45–55%, and 30–40% of field capacity of soil). Elevated CO₂ significantly increased Ψ_w, decreased specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR) of drought-stressed seedlings, and increased tree height, basal diameter, shoot biomass, root biomass as well as total biomass under the all the three water regimes. Growth responses to elevated CO₂ were greater in well-watered seedlings than in drought-stressed seedlings. CPI was significantly increased by elevated CO₂, and the increase in CPI became stronger as the level of drought stress increased. There were significant interactions between elevated CO₂ and drought stress on leaf water potential, basal diameter, leaf area, and biomass accumulation. Our results suggest that elevated CO₂ may enhance drought avoidance and improved water relations, thus weakening the effect of drought stress on growth of C. intermedia seedings.