Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique

Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an emerging optical imaging technology that enables real-time in vivo microscopy of mucosal surfaces during standard endoscopy. With applications currently in the respiratory¹ and gastrointestinal tracts,^2-6 CLE has also been explored in the urinary tract for bladder cancer diagnosis.^7-10 Cellular morphology and tissue microarchitecture can be resolved with micron scale resolution in real time, in addition to dynamic imaging of the normal and pathological vasculature.⁷The probe-based CLE system (Cellvizio, Mauna Kea Technologies, France) consists of a reusable fiberoptic imaging probe coupled to a 488 nm laser scanning unit. The imaging probe is inserted in the working channels of standard flexible and rigid endoscopes. An endoscope-based CLE system (Optiscan, Australia), in which the confocal endomicroscopy functionality is integrated onto the endoscope, is also used in the gastrointestinal tract. Given the larger scope diameter, however, application in the urinary tract is currently limited to ex vivo use.¹¹ Confocal image acquisition is done through direct contact of the imaging probe with the target tissue and recorded as video sequences. As in the gastrointestinal tract, endomicroscopy of the urinary tract requires an exogenenous contrast agent—most commonly fluorescein, which can be administered intravenously or intravesically. Intravesical administration is a well-established method to introduce pharmacological agents locally with minimal systemic toxicity that is unique to the urinary tract. Fluorescein rapidly stains the extracellular matrix and has an established safety profile.¹² Imaging probes of various diameters enable compatibility with different caliber endoscopes. To date, 1.4 and 2.6 mm probes have been evaluated with flexible and rigid cystoscopy.¹⁰ Recent availability of a < 1 mm imaging probe¹³ opens up the possibility of CLE in the upper urinary tract during ureteroscopy. Fluorescence cystoscopy (i.e. photodynamic diagnosis) and narrow band imaging are additional endoscope-based optical imaging modalities¹⁴ that can be combined with CLE to achieve multimodal imaging of the urinary tract. In the future, CLE may be coupled with molecular contrast agents such as fluorescently labeled peptides¹⁵ and antibodies for endoscopic imaging of disease processes with molecular specificity.     

百令胶囊联合罗氟司特治疗老年支气管哮喘的效果及对免疫功能的影响

目的:研究百令胶囊联合罗氟司特治疗老年支气管哮喘的效果及对免疫功能的影响。方法:选择2018年3月~2019年3月我院第六派驻门诊部收治的110例老年支气管哮喘患者,随机分为两组,每组各55例。对照组患者口服罗氟司特片,每次500 mg,每天1次。观察组患者联合服用百令胶囊,每次5粒,每天3次。比较两组的临床控制率,治疗前后两组诱导痰中炎症因子、中性粒细胞、呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)水平和免疫功能的变化。结果:治疗后,观察组的临床控制率为70.91%(39/55),明显高于对照组[40.00%(22/55)](P<0.05);两组的CD4+、CD4+/CD8+和CD3+均较治疗前明显升高,且观察组的CD4+、CD4+/CD8+和CD3+明显高于对照组(P<0.05);两组患者诱导痰中中性粒细胞绝对值、中性粒细胞百分比、白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4)、FeNO、白细胞介素-17(interleukin-17,IL-17)均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),诱导痰中的干扰素-γ(Interferon gamma,IFN-γ)均较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05),且观察组诱导痰中的组中性粒细胞绝对值、中性粒细胞百分比、IL-4、FeNO、IL-17明显低于对照组(P<0.05),诱导痰中的IFN-γ均明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:百令胶囊联合罗氟司特对老年支气管哮喘患者具有显著的疗效,其机制可能与抑制中性粒细胞的激活、调节T淋巴细胞亚群的平衡和抑制相关炎症因子的释放相关。     

金龙胶囊联合化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌临床疗效观察

目的:观察金龙胶囊联合化疗与单纯化疗对晚期肺小细胞癌患者的疗效、生活质量等因素的影响。方法:将99例患有晚期非小细胞肺癌患者随机分为两组:治疗组,在NP化疗方案基础上加服金龙胶囊治疗;对照组,单纯接受NP方案化疗。对99例患者追踪2个月,观察并比较患者的疗效、体质量、生活质量、毒副反应等方面的差异。结果:在NP化疗方案基础上加服金龙胶囊治疗在患者疗效评价方面与单纯NP方案化疗相比不具有统计学差异(P>0.05);在提高患者体质量、改善患者临床症状和生活质量等方面均优于单纯NP方案化疗(P<0.05);在化疗所引发的白细胞、血红蛋白和血小板降低等部分毒副反应发生率方面低于单纯NP方案化疗组(P<0.05)。结论:金龙胶囊联合NP化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌不仅可以起到化疗增效的作用,而且能够明显提高患者生活质量,有效的改善临床症候,降低化疗引发的毒副反应,这一联合治疗方案可以在临床治疗中广泛推广。     

行胶囊内镜检查67 例患者临床结果分析

目的:评价胶囊内镜在小肠疾病中的诊断价值,总结胶囊内镜临床应用策略。方法:回顾性分析上海市第一人民医院胃肠镜室2009年7月-2011年4月67例行胶囊内镜检查患者的检查结果,结合其中32名患者双气囊小肠镜检查结果及手术病理,分析胶囊内镜在小肠疾病的检出率,诊断率和不良事件发生率,总结胶囊内镜检查时的注意事项。结果:1例胶囊内镜操作失败,66例受检者检出率80.3%,诊断率为66.7%,发现病变中血管病变为主要诊断,占62.1%,其次为肠道占位(息肉、肿瘤)为14.6%,克罗恩病占10.9%,所有患者均未出现严重不良事件。结论:胶囊内镜在小肠疾病检查中安全,无创,诊断率较高,临床胶囊内镜检查时建议充分肠道准备,实时监控及结合双气囊小肠镜检查。     

Comparison of demographic characteristics and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy findings in HIV-positive, antiretroviral-treated patients with and without Helicobacter pylori coinfection

Objectives: We evaluated demographic characteristics in HIV‐positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) who had upper gastrointestinal (UGI) symptoms requiring UGI endoscopy and compared the findings in patients with and without H. Pylori coinfection. Methods: We prospectively observed all HIV‐infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy who underwent UGI endoscopy for the first time and were tested for H. pylori from January 2004 to December 2008. Data collected included the following: demographics (age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index [BMI], tobacco use, alcohol intake, and HIV risk behavior); comorbidity (viral hepatitis B or C, any organ dysfunction, or opportunistic disease); medication, including antibiotics, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and NSAIDs; CD4 cell counts, viral load; symptoms; and endoscopic and histologic diagnoses (H. pylori determined by Giemsa staining). Patients were compared according to H. pylori status (presence vs absence). Results: One hundred and forty‐five patients were evaluated. Compared to patients without H. pylori infection (n = 97), those with H. pylori infection (n = 48) had a significantly higher CD4 cell count (p = .008), were more likely to be heterosexual (p = .047), had a higher BMI (p = .027), had a greater incidence of duodenal ulcers (p = .005), had lower viral loads (p < .01), were less likely to have received macrolide antibiotics in the last 3 months (p = .00), and had less comorbidity (p = .03). They were also more frequently of Black African than Caucasians. In multivariate analysis, being heterosexual and having a low viral load were independently associated with an increased risk of having H. Pylori coinfection. Conclusion: In the antiretroviral therapy era, HIV–H. pylori coinfection is associated with a greater incidence of duodenal ulcers and higher CD4 counts, higher BMI, less comorbidity, and less frequent use of macrolides.     

The role of encapsulated anaerobic bacteria in synergistic infections

Abstract: The effect of encapsulation on the virulence, survival, and protection of anaerobic bacteria from phagocytosis is reviewed. Support for the importance of encapsulated Gram-negative anaerobic rods ( Bacteroides sp., Prevotella sp. and Porphyromonas sp.), anaerobic and facultative Gram-positive cocci (AFGPC) was provided by their higher recovery rate in oropharyngeal infections, abscesses and blood, compared to their number in the normal flora. The pathogenicity of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Clostridium , and AFGPC was studied by inoculating them into mice and observing their ability to induce subcutaneous abscesses. Encapsulated Bacteroides, Fusobacteria , and AFGPC generally induced abscesses, whereas non-encapsulated organisms did not. However, many of the strains that had only a minimal number of encapsulated organisms (< 1%) survived in the abscesses, and they became heavily encapsulated when inoculated with other viable or non-viable encapsulated bacteria. Thereafter, these strains were able to induce abscesses when injected alone. Encapsulated Gram-negative anaerobic rods and AFGPC-induced bacteraemia and translocation, and increased the mortality of the infected animals more often than did the non-encapsulated form of the same strains. As determined by using selective antimicrobial therapy and quantitative cultures of abscesses induced in mice, possession of a capsule generally made Gram-negative anaerobic rods more important than their aerobic counterparts. Synergistic potentials were seen between encapsulated Gram-negative anaerobic rods and all tested aerobic bacteria and most AFGPC, and also between most AFGPC and Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus . These studies demonstrated the importance of encapsulated anaerobes in mixed infections.     

消痰平喘胶囊体外抑菌效果研究

目的探讨消痰平喘胶囊对引起上呼吸道感染的致病菌抑菌效果。方法按照新药临床指导原则的要求,采用2倍稀释法测定消痰平喘胶囊对试验菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果消痰平喘胶囊对金黄色葡萄球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、肺炎球菌和流感嗜血杆菌MIC50和MIC50分别为0．375～1．5mg／ml、0．75～3.0mg／ml。结论消痰平喘胶囊对引起呼吸道感染的常见致病菌具有较强的抑制作用。     

Quantification of Mucosa oxygenation using three discrete spectral bands of visible light

Quantification of the mucosa oxygenation levels during Endoscopic imaging provides useful physiological/diagnostic information. In this work a method for non‐contact quantification of the oxygen saturation index during Endoscopic imaging using three discrete spectral‐band in the blue, the green, and the red parts of the spectrum (RGB bands) has been investigated. The oxygen saturation index (TOI_rgb) was calculated from the three discrete RGB spectral bands using diffusion approximation modeling and least‐square analysis. A parametric study performed to identify the optimum band width for each of the three spectral bands. The quantification algorithm was applied to in vivo images of the endobronchial mucosa to calculate (TOI_rgb) from selected areas within the image view. The results were compared to that obtained from the full visible spectral (470–700 nm, 10 nm) measurements. The analysis showed that a band width of at least 20 nm in the blue and the green is required to obtain best results. The results showed that the method provides accurate estimation of the oxygenation levels with about 90% accuracy compared to that obtained using the full spectra. The results suggest the potential of quantifying the oxygen saturation levels from the three narrow RGB spectral bands/images. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Real‐time endoscopic Raman spectroscopy for in vivo early lung cancer detection

Currently the most sensitive method for localizing lung cancers in central airways is autofluorescence bronchoscopy (AFB) in combination with white light bronchoscopy (WLB). The diagnostic accuracy of WLB + AFB for high grade dysplasia (HGD) and carcinoma in situ is variable depending on physician's experience. When WLB + AFB are operated at high diagnostic sensitivity, the associated diagnostic specificity is low. Raman spectroscopy probes molecular vibrations and gives highly specific, fingerprint‐like spectral features and has high accuracy for tissue pathology classification. In this study we present the use of a real‐time endoscopy Raman spectroscopy system to improve the specificity. A spectrum is acquired within 1 second and clinical data are obtained from 280 tissue sites (72 HGDs/malignant lesions, 208 benign lesions/normal sites) in 80 patients. Using multivariate analyses and waveband selection methods on the Raman spectra, we have demonstrated that HGD and malignant lung lesions can be detected with high sensitivity (90%) and good specificity (65%).

     

急诊内镜下止血联合生长抑素治疗上消化道出血的疗效分析

目的:探讨急诊内镜下止血联合生长抑素治疗上消化道出血的疗效。方法:选取了100例上消化道出血患者,按随机数字表法分为两组,对照组(48例)给予常规止血措施,观察组(52例)行急诊内镜下止血联合生长抑素治疗上消化道出血,通过观察并记录两组患者疗效、不同病灶大小的治疗成功率及临床症状改善情况,评估急诊内镜下止血联合生长抑素治疗上消化道出血的疗效。结果:观察组患者治疗有效率88.5%,对照组患者治疗有效率70.8%,观察组治疗有效率高于对照组(P0.05);观察组对不同病变大小止血成功率均高于对照组(P0.05);从止血治疗成功率来看,随着病变大小的增加,止血成功率有所下降,观察组患者住院时间,大便潜血转阴,呕血消失时间均短于对照组(P0.05),并且术后再出血率也低于对照组患者(P0.05)。结论:急诊内镜下止血联合生长抑素对上消化道出血具有良好的治疗效果,能明显改善上消化道出血症状,缩短患者住院时间,但对病变范围较大的上消化道出血,治疗效果有限。