中草药“一口钟”的原植物鉴定及其精油的化学成分

云南,四川等省市售的中草药“一口钟”为蓝桉(Eucalyptus globulus Labill.)的果实.用气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术、标准品迭加和毛细管保留指数定性法,对其精油的化学成分进行分析.从分离的65个成分中,鉴定出36个成分,其含量占总组成的93.80％,主要成分是别香树烯(23.37％),1.8-桉叶油素(20.81％)、金合欢醇(9.95％)、α-水芹烯(8.30％)、δ-愈创木烯(5.95％)、δ-蒎烯(4.09％)、β-水芹烯(3.43％)、α-愈创木烯(3.15％)等.     

滇产薄荷的化学研究

研究了滇产３８个薄荷样品,测定了样品的得油率及化学成分。滇产薄荷的得油率在０．１８％￣０．５２％之间。从挥发油中鉴定出了１００多种化学成分,主要含醇、酮、酯、萜烯类化合物。栽培的家薄荷挥发油富含香芹酮、柠檬烯,其化学分类属于香芹酮系列。野生薄荷挥发油富含薄荷醇和薄荷酮,属于薄荷酮系列;部分野薄荷样品,富含香芹酮、环氧辣薄荷烯酮或芳樟醇,属于混合系列。     

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) protoplasts: isolation, culture and microcallus formation

Procedures are deseribed for the efficient isolation of protoplasts from a variety of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) tissues. Various factors including donor source, composition of enzyme mixture and culture medium affected the yield and viability of the protoplasts Polyembryogenic cultures of oil palm were the most suitable starting material in terms of yield, viability and metabolic competence. Pectolyase Y-23 in association with cellulase and hemicellulase was required for the efficient release of protoplasts from the oil palm tissues. Limited cell division to form microcallus was observed at very low frequency (<0.01%) when glutathione and catalase were incorporated in the culture medium.Abbreviations 2,4-d dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - DTT dithiothreitol - MES 2[N-morpholino] ethanesulphonic acid - NAA 1-naphthalene acetic acid - PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone     

Host-seeking behaviour of tracheal mites (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The behaviour of the endoparasitic tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi (Rennie) on honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) is a challenge to observe because of its small size. Through a microscope, we videotaped this mite's movement on young bees, dead bees and bees exposed to vegetable oil. Previous studies have shown that solid vegetable oil decreases mite infestations in a bee colony. We hypothesized that the oil alters mite behaviour to the detriment of the parasite, thus helping to safeguard the host. Habitat-seeking behaviour, identified as necessary for mites to locate a new host environment, was disrupted on both dead and oil-treated bees. Questing behaviour, which is associated with transfer between hosts, increased significantly on the dead and oily bees. The behaviours of mites were significantly different between all three treatments (x ²=494.96, p<0.001 on dead bees and x ²=851.11, p<0.001 on oily bees). Both questing and seeking behaviours were significantly different on each of the thoracic treatments (F _2,66=7.88, p<0.001 and F _2,66=21.28, p<0.001) and mite questing behaviour was not altered between males and females on live or oily bees (F _1,22=0.25, p<0.62), but habitat seeking was (F _1,22=7.42, p<0.012). The male questing and habitat-seeking behaviours were observed. We conclude that oil-treated bees gained protection from habitat-seeking mites because the normal behaviour of the mites seeking an oviposition site is interrupted.     

Immunocytochemical localization of callose in the germinated pollen ofCamellia japonica

Summary A polyclonal antibody against -1,3-glucan, callose, extracted from the pollen tube wall ofCamellia japonica was raised in mice and, using it as a probe, the localization of callose in the germinated pollen was studied. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, callose was found in the tip region of the pollen tube and the tube wall; the immuno-fluorescence in the tube wall was less toward the base of the tube. In contrast, the tip region did not fluoresce although the whole of the tube wall did strongly with aniline blue, the specific dye for callose. Immuno-electron microscopy showed that callose was also found in Golgi vesicles which concentrated in the tip region of the pollen tube, the inner layer of the tube wall, callose plugs, and Golgi vesicles in the pollen grain. Immuno-gold labeling was often detected on the fibrous structures in Golgi vesicles and callose plugs. Based on these results, the participation of Golgi vesicles in the formation of the tube wall and callose plugs was discussed.Abbreviation TBS Tris-buffered saline - Tris Tris(hydroxy-methyl)-aminomethane - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - BSA bovine serum albumin - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - CLSM confocal laser scanning microscopy - DP degree of polymerization     

In situ treatment of Hamilton Harbour sediment

To enhance the biodegradation of organic contaminants, approximately 18.5 tonnes of oxidant (calcium nitrate) and 5 tonnes of nutrients were injected into sediments of the Dofasco Boatslip, Hamilton Harbour. In the laboratory 78% and 68% of the oil (TPHs) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), respectively biodegraded in 197 days. In the 1992 treatment in the Ddofasco Boatslip, biodegradation of organic contaminants varied from 79% for low molecular weight compounds (BTXs), to 25/15 of the 16 priority pollutant PAHs. At first biodegraduation of large molecular weight PAHs resulted in the production of naphthalene (from 280 g/g to 549 g/g). In the 1993 treatments, 94% of the naphthalene, and 57% of the TPHs biodegraded. The in situ biotreatment of organic contamination takes time but for some sites the significantly lower cost relative to dredging and confinement makes in situ treatment a viable alternative.     

精制蚕蛹油中碱液和过氧化值的控制

作者采用碱皂化的方法来达到精炼蚕蛹油的目的。实验表明,碱的浓度以１０％￣１３％比较合适,超碱量必须视酸值大小,通过小样试验来确定。精制油的过氧化值与皂化后中性油的洗涤温度、洗涤次数及搅拌速度有密切关系,必须严格控制。     

无色素腺棉籽蛋白粉与棉子油的制备

低棉酚棉籽为高蛋白含油的植物资源,适宜于水溶法制备油及蛋白粉,出油率一般可达９５％。     

Chemotype pattern differentiation of Thymus pulegioides on different substrates

Relationships between soil chemistry and population chemotype structure of Thymus pulegioides have been studied. The analysis of correlations suggest that an increased carbonate content in soil decreases the chemotype diversity of a population (as calculated by use of the Shannon index): the proportion of linalool chemotype plants rises and that of the phenol chemotype plants declines. In addition, the chemotype diversity decreases with increasing frequency of linalool chemotype, and increases with increase of carvacrol chemotype.     

The ‘World Prodigy’ oil spill in Narragansett Bay,Rhode Island: acute effects on macrobenthic crustacean populations

On June 26,1989, the tanker World Prodigy ran aground just outside the mouth of the West Passage of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA. About 922 metric tons of No. 2 fuel oil were released into the water and drifted over a total area of about 120 sq miles. Three days after the spill only a small fraction of the oil remained.The effects on macrobenthic crustaceans within the first five weeks after the spill were studied at five stations with a varying degree of oil exposure, including one control site never reached by oil from the spill. Significant differencies between these stations were noted for total amphipod abundance, the amphipod genus Ampelisca and ostracods (retained on a 0.3 mm mesh), but not for amphipods of the genus Corophium. At the most heavily impacted station (23 µg oil g^–1 sediment dry weight), the total amphipod abundance, dominated by Ampelisca verrilli, decreased by 86% within the first two weeks after the spill. Decreases in total amphipod abundance significantly larger than at the control site were noted also at two other stations, one of which with only trace amounts of oil detected in the sediment. The amphipod populations at these sites were dominated by juvenile specimens.These findings confirm the extreme sensitivity to oil pollution of amphipods and ostracods, noted in earlier field and experimental studies.