Battling for Ribosomes: Translational Control at the Forefront of the Antiviral Response

In the early stages of infection, gaining control of the cellular protein synthesis machinery including its ribosomes is the ultimate combat objective for a virus. To successfully replicate, viruses unequivocally need to usurp and redeploy this machinery for translation of their own mRNA. In response, the host triggers global shutdown of translation while paradoxically allowing swift synthesis of antiviral proteins as a strategy to limit collateral damage. This fundamental conflict at the level of translational control defines the outcome of infection. As part of this special issue on molecular mechanisms of early virus–host cell interactions, we review the current state of knowledge regarding translational control during viral infection with specific emphasis on protein kinase RNA-activated and mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated mechanisms. We also describe recent technological advances that will allow unprecedented insight into how viruses and host cells battle for ribosomes.     

Nucleoli and Stress Granules: Connecting Distant Relatives

Nucleoli and cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) are subcellular compartments that modulate the response to endogenous and environmental signals to control cell survival. In our opinion, nucleoli and SGs are functionally linked; they are distant relatives that combine forces when cellular homeostasis is threatened. Several lines of evidence support this idea; nucleoli and SGs share molecular building blocks, are regulated by common signaling pathways and communicate when vital cellular functions become compromised. Together, nucleoli and SGs orchestrate physiological responses that are directly relevant to stress and human health. As both compartments have established roles in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and virus infections, we propose that these conditions will benefit from therapeutic interventions that target simultaneously nucleoli and SGs.      

双指标优选肠安颗粒中有机酸提取工艺条件(I)

以总有机酸和绿原酸的提取率双指标作为提取条件考核对象,来探讨肠安颗粒中所含有机酸成分的中药材的最佳提取工艺。采用L9(34)正交设计,考察提取溶媒所需加水量、浸泡时间、煎煮时间、煎煮次数四个因素,选择进行3个水平试验。得出结论:以加10倍量的水(第一次煎煮多加1.5倍量),浸泡1 h,煎煮2次,每次1h为最佳提取工艺条件,亦即以A2B2C2D2组合为合理。     

加味二妙颗粒联合重组人干扰素a2b阴道泡腾胶囊治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变的疗效及对患者免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨加味二妙颗粒联合重组人干扰素a2b阴道泡腾胶囊治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变的疗效及对患者免疫功能的影响。方法:将西北妇女儿童医院妇科门诊自2018年1月至2019年1月收治的确诊为宫颈上皮内瘤变患者300例作为研究对象,将其随机的分为研究组和对照组,每组各150例。研究组患者给予加味二妙颗粒联合重组人干扰素a2b阴道泡腾胶囊进行治疗,对照组患者给予重组人干扰素a2b阴道泡腾胶囊进行治疗,比较两组患者治疗后的临床总有效率,治疗前后CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、NK细胞水平和中医证候评分的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,研究组临床总有效率为91.33%,明显高于对照组(74.67%,P0.05)。两组治疗后CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、NK细胞水平均较治疗前明显升高,且研究组以上指标显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究组治疗后中医证候评分降低程度明显优于对照组,其不良反应发生率为10.00%,明显低于对照组(28.67%,P0.05)。结论:与单用重组人干扰素a2b阴道泡腾胶囊治疗相比,加味二妙颗粒联合使用重组人干扰素a2b阴道泡腾胶囊治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变患者可显著提高患者的免疫功能,缓解症状,提高治疗效果,且安全性更高。     

豆腐废水UASB反应器中的原核生物多样性及主要功能菌群

通过构建16S rRNA基因文库,对豆腐废水UASB反应器中颗粒污泥的原核生物多样性进行了分析,并用MPN法对颗粒污泥中的互养产乙酸细菌和产甲烷菌进行了活菌数量测定。结果表明,33%的16S rRNA基因序列属于产甲烷菌,氢和乙酸盐营养型的产甲烷菌在颗粒污泥中数量最多,分别为1.1×10.9个/mL和4.5×10.8个/mL。低GC革兰氏阳性菌和δ-变形菌纲分支的细菌也是颗粒污泥中的主要菌群,它们的16S rRNA序列分别占22%和9%,其中互养产乙酸细菌在颗粒污泥中的数量可达4.5×10.7个/ml。绿色非硫细菌是另一类丰度很高的细菌,其16S rRNA序列占文库的12%。对各类微生物在颗粒污泥中可能的作用进行了讨论。通过研究不仅了解了特定环境中的微生物组成,还为从中分离特异类群的微生物提供了指导。     

感染日本血吸虫小鼠心房特殊颗粒的形态学观察和定量分析

小鼠感染日本血吸虫尾蚴后第２８天,右心耳心房特殊颗粒数目显著减少,且多见膜溶解、断裂,半月形排空和颗粒膜与横管膜及肌膜靠近、融合及颗粒向横管腔及肌膜下突出的现象。心肌细胞内线粒体有肿胀、基质变浅及部分嵴断裂现象。感染组小鼠右心耳心房特殊颗粒的体密度（０．０３２３±０．００２９μｍ３／μｍ３）、面数密度（０．８６４７±０．０６９２μｍ－２）、数密度（３．２３６３±０．１１１４μｍ－３）及颗粒平均直径（０．２６７１±０．０２０７μｍ）均显著小于对照组的０．０９７１±０．０１２７μｍ３／μｍ３、１．９２１±０．１１４５μｍ－２、０．２１８９±０．０８６６μｍ－３和０．３１０８±０．０１９５μｍ。本文阐述了日本血吸虫感染后,促进心房特殊颗粒释放增加。     

应激颗粒的形成与生物学意义

真核细胞对外界压力刺激会做出一系列应答反应,如暂停蛋白质翻译系统,从而使细胞能更好地适应环境压力。通过应激颗粒（stress granules,SG）的形成包裹未被翻译的mRNA是该适应性调节的重要方式。研究表明,环境压力导致eIF2α上游激酶的激活从而磷酸化eIF2α,翻译起始受阻,随后,TIA-1、TTP等蛋白迅速与mRNP结合聚集成SG,并在微管蛋白的帮助下进一步向细胞核聚集,形成成熟的SG。当压力消失,SG依赖微管及其动力蛋白进行解聚,释放包裹的mRNA及蛋白。细胞内成熟的SG在转录后调节中发挥重要作用,并且通过其组成蛋白在肿瘤凋亡、病毒侵染、免疫、炎症反应及由蛋白错误折叠引起的疾病中发挥作用。该文首次综述了压力颗粒研究进展,为充分认识SG的病理生理性调节功能提供参考。     

胃肠外科术后ERAS及大承气冲剂对患者手术应激影响

摘要 目的：探讨胃肠外科术后加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)及大承气冲剂对患者手术应激影响。方法：选取我院近3年所收治的80例胃肠外科手术患者,将其随机分为研究组和对照组,每组患者40例,两组患者围手术期分别采取ERAS及大承气冲剂、传统处理方法及常规西医治疗结合安慰剂,对比围手术期不同处理方式对患者手术应激影响。结果：两组患者手术前心理（汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton Anxiety Scale,HAMA)）、生理（C反应蛋白(CRP)、肾上腺素、皮质醇）应激指标对比无统计学差异（P＞0.05）,手术后7 d,研究组患者各项应激指标均明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）;研究组患者术后首次排气时间、术后首次排便时间、术后首次下床活动时间、平均住院时间均明显短于对照组（P＜0.05）;两组患者手术前各营养状态对比均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）,对比指标发现,各营养指标均应激降低后,逐渐恢复,研究组患者术后3 d降低程度明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）,在手术后7 d逐渐恢复术前水平。结论：胃肠外科术后ERAS及大承气冲剂更有利于患者术后胃肠功能恢复,术后应激反应更轻,促使患者机体营养状态稳定,可缩短患者的住院时间,促使患者术后康复,值得临床上推广应用。     

宝乐安联合金酸萍颗粒对新生儿黄疸的治疗

目的 观察宝乐安联合金酸萍颗粒对新生儿黄疸的临床疗效。方法 选择我院和酒泉市人民医院2016年10月至2018年9月间诊治的86例新生儿黄疸患儿为研究对象。入选患儿随机分成对照组与试验组各43例。其中对照组患儿给予金酸萍颗粒治疗,试验组患儿给予金酸萍颗粒联合宝乐安治疗。对两组患儿的临床治疗效果进行评价比较。结果 试验组与对照组患儿的临床治疗总有效率分别为95.3%和81.4%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9.385,P0.05)。试验组患儿胆红素恢复正常时间以及黄疸消失时间均显著短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论 宝乐安与金酸萍颗粒联合用药对新生儿黄疸的临床疗效优于单用金酸萍颗粒,值得推广。     

Ubiquitin Signaling Regulates RNA Biogenesis,Processing, and Metabolism

The fate of eukaryotic proteins, from their synthesis to destruction, is supervised by the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). The UPS is the primary pathway responsible for selective proteolysis of intracellular proteins, which is guided by covalent attachment of ubiquitin to target proteins by E1 (activating), E2 (conjugating), and E3 (ligating) enzymes in a process known as ubiquitylation. The UPS can also regulate protein synthesis by influencing multiple steps of RNA (ribonucleic acid) metabolism. Here, recent publications concerning the interplay between the UPS and different types of RNA are reviewed. This interplay mainly involves specific RNA-binding E3 ligases that link RNA-dependent processes with protein ubiquitylation. The emerging understanding of their modes of RNA binding, their RNA targets, and their molecular and cellular functions are primarily focused on. It is discussed how the UPS adapted to interact with different types of RNA and how RNA molecules influence the ubiquitin signaling components.