Phytoplankton morphological response to the underwater light conditions in a vegetated wetland

This study analyses the influence of the underwater light climate on the morphometric characteristics of the phytoplankton at the population and community levels. The differences in light conditions across the floodplain were mainly defined by the patchiness of floating macrophytes and humic acids concentration. A morphometric response at the community level to the underwater PAR was registered. Sites with strong light constraints were characterised by non-flagellated organisms or with a small proportion of unicellular flagellates. Short organisms (<10 μm) with a unit volume of less than 1,000 μm³ and a high surface:volume ratio (S/V >2) were the morphotypes related to poorly illuminated environments. Moreover, the organisms showed forms more slender under these limiting conditions. This pattern was different to that registered in well-illuminated sites where longer and larger organisms, with a smaller S/V and frequently flagellated, coexisted with the previously mentioned organisms. The autotrophic picoplankton, the smallest phytoplankton fraction, revealed lower abundances at sites with higher humic substances. Short term morphological changes were additionally studied for the dominant species by means of mesocosm experiments simulating different light climates. Intraspecific morphological plasticity was observed with respect to the filament length and the vacuolization of cells. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is available to authorized users.     

Nitrogen removal from secondary effluent by using integrated constructed wetland system

The treatment capacity of an integrated constructed wetland system (CWS) that was designed to reduce nitrogen (N) from secondary effluent was explored. The integrated CWS consisted of vertical-flow constructed wetland, floating bed and sand filter. The vertical-flow wetland was filled with gravel, steel slag and peat from the bottom to the top. Vetiver zizanioides was selected to grow in the vertical-flow constructed wetland and Coix lacrymajobi L. was grown in the floating bed. The results showed that the integrated CWS displayed superior removal efficiency for nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO₂⁻-N), and total nitrogen (TN). The average NO₃⁻-N, NO₂⁻-N, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal efficiencies of the integrated CWS were 98.83%, 95.60%, 98.05% and 92.41%, respectively, during the whole experimental operation. The integrated CWS may have a good potential for removing N from secondary effluent.     

夏季若尔盖高寒湿地水生生物群落食物网结构特征

为了解若尔盖高寒湿地夏季水生生物群落食物网结构及营养关系特征,应用稳定同位素技术分析了若尔盖湿地 3个不同区域(ZS1、ZS2和ZS3)水生生物群落碳、氮稳定同位素比值,并计算了13C-15N同位素生态位中的6个营养结构量化指标。结果显示:外源性营养源陆生植物13C、15N值分别为-28.23- -26.07,-1.20-5.98; 内源性营养源颗粒有机物 (POM:主要成分为藻类)和水生植物13C、15N值分别为-26.39- -21.17、-25.37- -24.15,3.68-6.61、3.50-4.01; 其中POM样品13C、15N组成存在明显的区域性差异(P0.05,P0.001)。食物网营养结构分析显示若尔盖湿地外源性碳源输入(优势陆生植物)对于维持该水域生态系统结构稳定有着十分重要的作用。若尔盖湿地水域食物网营养级介于2-3,暗示了其生态系统结构的相对脆弱性。同位素量化指标标记发现若尔盖湿地水生动物群落生态结构存在明显的空间异质性,可能与若尔盖湿地发达的畜牧产业相关。     

Long-term ozone effects on vegetation, microbial community and methane dynamics of boreal peatland microcosms in open-field conditions

To study the effects of elevated ozone concentration on methane dynamics and a sedge species, Eriophorum vaginatum, we exposed peatland microcosms, isolated by coring from an oligotrophic pine fen, to double ambient ozone concentration in an open‐air ozone exposure field for four growing seasons. The field consists of eight circular plots of which four were fumigated with elevated ozone concentration and four were ambient controls. At the latter part of the first growing season (week 33, 2003), the methane emission was 159±14 mg CH₄ m^?2 day^?1 (mean±SE) in the ozone treatment and 214±8 mg CH₄ m^?2 day^?1 under the ambient control. However, towards the end of the experiment the ozone treatment slightly, but consistently, enhanced the methane emission. At the end of the third growing season (2005), microbial biomass (estimated by phospholipid fatty acid biomarkers) was higher in peat exposed to ozone (1975±108 nmol g^?1 dw) than in peat of the control microcosms (1589±115 nmol g^?1 dw). The concentrations of organic acids in peat pore water showed a similar trend. Elevated ozone did not affect the shoot length or the structure of the sedge E. vaginatum leaves but it slightly increased the total number of sedge leaves towards the end of the experiment. Our results indicate that elevated ozone concentration enhances the general growth conditions of microbes in peat by increasing their substrate availability. However, the methane production did not reflect the increase in the concentration of organic acids, probably because hydrogenotrophic methane production dominated in the peat studied. Although, we used isolated peatland microcosms with limited size as study material, we did not find experimental factors that could have hampered the basic conclusions on the effects of ozone.     

模拟SO42-沉降对闽江口淡水感潮野慈姑湿地甲烷排放通量的影响

2015年12月—2016年10月,每月小潮日原位定期向闽江口塔礁洲淡水感潮野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia L.)湿地施加剂量为60、120 kg S hm~(-2)a~(-1)的K_2SO_4溶液(分别记做S-60和S-120),探讨模拟硫酸根(SO_4~(2-))沉降对河口淡水感潮湿地甲烷(CH4)排放通量及间隙水SO_4~(2-)浓度的影响。对照、S-60和S-120处理组CH_4排放通量年均值分别为(7.88±1.00)mg h~(-1)m~(-2)、(6.55±0.97)mg h~(-1)m~(-2)和(6.66±1.49)mg h~(-1)m~(-2)。在年尺度上,两个高强度模拟SO_4~(2-)沉降处理组均未显著降低闽江口淡水感潮野慈姑湿地CH_4排放通量(P0.05),即高强度SO_4~(2-)沉降不会对河口淡水感潮湿地CH_4排放通量产生类似于其对泥炭湿地和水稻田的显著抑制效应。在年尺度以及秋、冬季,两个施加K_2SO_4溶液处理显著增加了野慈姑湿地10 cm深度土壤间隙水SO_4~(2-)浓度。对于各个处理组,温度较高的夏、秋季CH_4排放通量均显著高于温度相对较低的冬、春季(P0.05)。不同处理组CH_4排放通量均与土壤温度呈显著正相关关系,温度仍然是影响亚热带河口淡水感潮湿地CH_4排放通量的重要环境因子。     

安徽新安江干流滩涂湿地草本植物区系及物种多样性

以新安江干流(安徽段)滩涂湿地草本植物群落为研究对象,探讨其区系组成及不同江段物种多样性的变化规律.结果表明:(1)该区共有草本被子植物48科、131属、194种(含种下分类单位);以禾本科(Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、菊科(Compositae)和蓼科(Polygonaceae)为优势科;以蓼属(Polygonum)、莎草属(Cyperus)、大戟属(Euphorbia)和蒿属(Artemisia)等为优势属,属的组成相对较为分散,寡种属和单种属占总属数的97.7％;(2)从分布区类型看,科以世界分布占明显优势(43.8％);属的分布区类型以泛热带分布最多(30.5％),其次是世界分布(26.0％),总体上热带成分略多于温带成分(57/40);表明该区草本植物区系地理成分较为复杂,分布区类型多样,具有热带、亚热带与暖温带的多重性质,但以亚热带性质为主;(3)各滩涂湿地植物群落的建群种、优势种及伴生种的种类等组成特征均存在一定差异,狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichum)和假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)等为滩涂湿地的主要优势种;江段干流不同流域滩涂湿地草本植物群落的α多样性的变化格局与丰富度指数的变化格局比较一致,总体上呈现逐渐减小的趋势,表现为上游＞中游＞下游;与之相反,植物群落的β多样性——相异性系数和Cody指数总体上呈现上升的格局.这种多样性格局的成因需要进一步分析和探讨.     

西部高寒湿地系统的草地资源保护与优化利用模式研究

西部高寒湿地系统的草地资源保护与优化利用问题,是我国生态环境建设中倍受重视的科学问题。本研究以甘南的高寒湿地为研究对象,分析了高寒草地资源变化的时空分布特征及其在环境条件影响下的增长动态,采用生物控制论方法,组建了草地资源保护模型及草地放牧系统的最优控制模型。依据在甘南玛曲县高寒草地的调查结果,分别对其山地草原化草甸、山地典型草甸和沼泽草甸等草地资源的利用,建立了相应的保护指标。确定了该草地放牧系统的最优牧草资源水平和最优控制量,提出了草地资源优化利用的管理对策与措施,为草地放牧管理提供了优化模式和定量依据。     

Hydrologic Regime Controls Soil Phosphorus Fluxes in Restoration and Undisturbed Wetlands

Many wetland restoration projects occur on former agricultural soils that have a history of disturbance and fertilization, making them prone to phosphorus (P) release upon flooding. To study the relationship between P release and hydrologic regime, we collected soil cores from three restoration wetlands and three undisturbed wetlands around Upper Klamath Lake in southern Oregon, U.S.A. Soil cores were subjected to one of three hydrologic regimes—flooded, moist, and dry—for 7.5 weeks, and P fluxes were measured upon reflooding. Soils from restoration wetlands released P upon reflooding regardless of the hydrologic regime, with the greatest releases coming from soils that had been flooded or dried. Undisturbed wetland soils released P only after drying. Patterns in P release can be explained by a combination of physical and biological processes, including the release of iron‐bound P due to anoxia in the flooded treatment and the mineralization of organic P under aerobic conditions in the dry treatment. Higher rates of soil P release from restoration wetland soils, particularly under flooded conditions, were associated with higher total P concentrations compared with undisturbed wetland soils. We conclude that maintaining moist soil is the means to minimize P release from recently flooded wetland soils. Alternatively, prolonged flooding provides a means of liberating excess labile P from former agricultural soils while minimizing continued organic P mineralization and soil subsidence.     

人工湿地及其在工业废水处理中的应用

论述了人工湿地污水处理技术的机理和优点,人工湿地利用基质、植物和微生物这个复合生态系统的物理、化学和生物的三重协调作用,通过过滤,吸附、共沉淀、离子交换,植物吸收和微生物分解来实现对废水的高效净化,同时通过营养物质和水分的生物地球化学循环,促进绿色植物生长并使其增产,实现废水的资源化与无害化;人工湿地污水处理系统具有出水水质稳定,对营养物质去除能力强,基建和运行费用低,技术含量低,维护管理方便,耐冲击负荷强,适于处理间歇排放的污水和具有美学价值等优点,该技术不仅能够在发展中国家和发达国家的城市生活污水处理中广泛应用,其在工业废水处理中的应用也正在不断受到重视,根据人工湿地在工业废水处理中的研究和应用现状,指出了人工湿地处理特殊工业废水的前景及今后的研究方向。     

若尔盖高原湿地不同微地貌区甲烷排放通量特征

若尔盖高原是我国泥炭沼泽湿地的主要分布区、青藏高原的主要甲烷(CH₄)排放中心。为了研究湿地微地貌环境对高原湿地CH₄排放通量的影响, 2014年5-10月, 采用静态箱和快速温室气体分析仪原位测量若尔盖高原湖滨湿地3种泥炭沼泽5种微地貌环境下的CH₄排放通量特征。结果表明: (1)常年性淹水泥炭湿地洼地(P-hollow)和草丘(P-hummock)生长季平均CH₄排放通量为68.48和40.32 mg·m^-2·h^-1, 季节性淹水的泥炭湿地洼地(S-hollow)和草丘(S-hummock)平均CH₄排放通量为2.38和0.63 mg·m^-2·h^-1, 而无淹水平坦地(Lawn)平均CH₄排放通量为3.68 mg·m^-2·h^-1; (2)湿地5种微地貌区CH₄排放通量为(23.10 ± 30.28) mg·m^-2·h^-1 (平均值±标准偏差)), 变异系数为131%。分析显示这5种微地貌区CH₄排放通量的平均值与其水位深度平均值存在显著的线性正相关关系(R² = 0.919, p < 0.01), 表明水位深度是控制湿地微地貌区CH₄排放通量空间变化的主要因子; (3) P-hummock、P-hollow和S-hummock的CH₄排放通量存在显著的季节变化, Lawn和S-hollow无明显的季节性变化, 但5种微地貌区在夏季或秋季均观测到CH₄排放通量峰值, 其影响因子可能与水位深度、土壤温度和凋落物输入密切相关; (4) P-hollow可能时常发生冒泡式CH₄排放, 这可能导致过去低估了若尔盖高原湿地的CH₄排放量。