有机磷农药对铜绿微囊藻生长及摄磷效应的动力学研究

研究了两种有机磷农药 (甲胺磷、辛硫磷 )在较低浓度时对铜绿微囊藻的生长效应以及微囊藻摄取磷形态 :总溶解磷 (TSP)、溶解反应磷 (SRP)和溶解有机磷 (DOP)的动力学规律。保持各培养基中总磷的浓度 6 95mg/L ,与培养基中不加有机磷农药相比 ,当培养基中甲胺磷与K2 HPO4的浓度比为 1∶11和 1∶9,辛硫磷与K2 HPO4的浓度比为1∶349和 1∶114时 ,微囊藻的生长受到促进 ,并且当甲胺磷与K2 HPO4,的浓度比为 1∶9,辛硫磷与K2 HPO4的浓度比为1∶114时促进效果最好 ,而当培养基中没有K2 HPO4甲胺磷作为惟一磷源时 ,微囊藻的生长受到明显的抑制。微囊藻摄取SRP的速度快于其他磷形态 ,而对DOP的利用较少。微囊藻生长越快 ,对SRP的摄取速率也越快。结果表明低浓度有机磷农药促进微囊藻生长的主要原因是有机磷的加入促进了藻类对SRP的摄取     

镉污染区人群淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换率的检测

对生活于镉污染区域的38人(男20人;女18人)和对照组9人(男7人;女2人)进行外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换率(SCE)检测,并结合个体尿镉浓度做相关分析。结果表明,两组人群的SCE频率无显著性差异,SCE频率与尿镉浓度之间无明显相关性。     

汞、镉对土壤脲酶活性影响的研究Ⅰ.尿素浓度

对不同尿素浓度条件下重金属与土壤脲酶活性关系进行了研究。结果表明,尿素浓度对脲酶活性具有显著的影响。在供试浓度范围内可采用线性和Langmuir模型较好地表征二者关系。并得到脲酶活性的尿浓贡献率,尿浓贡献变化率和最大表观脲酶活性等参数;Hg,Cd明显降低了前述参数值,其中Hg Cd复合污染的抑制作用最强,Hg的生态毒性最大;同时初步获得土壤酶促反应过程中存在吸附机制。     

根际环境中铅的形态转化

用根际箱试验研究了红壤植麦和植稻后根际中Pb的形态转化 ,讨论了与Cd复合处理对Pb形态的影响 .结果表明 ,Pb在红壤根际、非根际的主要形态为酸解态 +碳酸盐态、交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态 .交换态Pb都是根际 >非根际 ;不同Pb处理浓度和Pb Cd交互作用都对Pb的形态分布产生影响 ,小麦根际随加入Cd浓度增大 ,根际交换态Pb和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb下降 ;水稻根际交换态Pb与Cd复合处理浓度密切相关 ,5mgCd·kg-1复合处理 ,根际交换态Pb的活化较单元素弱 ,10mgCd·kg-1复合处理 ,根际交换态Pb的活化较单元素要强 .     

产油微藻Auxenochlorella protothecoides UTEX 2341对镉胁迫的生理响应及抗性机理

【背景】重金属镉(Cd)污染问题日益严峻。微藻是一种良好的生物吸附剂。目前研究多关注于微藻对Cd的去除率及吸附性能方面,对其抗Cd机理的研究比较少。【目的】以产油微藻Auxenochlorella protothecoides UTEX 2341为材料,研究Cd胁迫对UTEX 2341生理性状、抗性机理及产油的影响。【方法】测定微藻在0-5mmol/LCd胁迫下的生长产油情况,并进一步分析2mmol/LCd胁迫下藻体中色素、可溶性蛋白和油脂含量的变化,以及藻体亚显微结构、抗氧化酶和抗氧化剂、脂肪酸组分的改变情况。【结果】Auxenochlorella protothecoides UTEX 2341能够耐受2 mmol/L Cd胁迫,虽然其生物量和叶绿素含量在Cd胁迫下略有降低,但油脂产量显著增加,胁迫168 h时为1.60 g/L,是对照的1.77倍。此外,高浓度Cd引起了胞内活性氧的积累。抗性机理分析表明高Cd胁迫显著抑制了微藻体内的抗氧化酶活性,但非酶抗氧化剂类胡萝卜素和还原性谷胱甘肽的含量显著增加,分别是对照的1.42倍和4.5倍,从而缓解高浓度Cd对微藻细胞造成的氧化损伤,减轻Cd的毒性。脂肪酸组分分析结果表明,Cd胁迫下油酸(C18:1)含量增加,且脂肪酸成分中C16-C18的含量达96%-98%,符合生物柴油的生产标准。【结论】该研究为揭示微藻抗Cd的机理以及Cd胁迫下微藻柴油合成的调控机理提供了一定的研究基础。     

芦苇抗镉污染机理研究

研究了芦苇幼苗体内 Cd的积累、亚细胞微区分布、存在形态和其诱导蛋白以及植物络合素合成抑制剂 (BSO)对芦苇光合作用和生长的影响。在 Cd污染条件下 ,芦苇幼苗植株和根皮层细胞中可积累大量的Cd,但 Cd在芦苇各器官和根皮层细胞亚细胞结构中的分布显著不均 ;Cd在芦苇幼苗体内的分配为 :根 >叶片 >茎 >地下茎 ,在根皮层细胞中的分布为 :细胞间隙 >细胞壁 >液泡 >细胞质。受 Cd污染的芦苇幼苗体内的 Cd以不同化学形态存在 ,其中 Na Cl提取态的 Cd在根和叶片中占的比例均为最大 ,其次为根内的醋酸提取态 ;在叶片中以水提取态为主 ,其它形态的含量相对较低。层析结果表明 ,根和叶片中各存在一种Cd结合蛋白 ,其中根内的 Cd结合蛋白可能是一种植物络合素聚合体。受 Cd诱导 ,芦苇幼苗根中还新合成了一种小分子蛋白或多肽 ,但另有一种蛋白因 Cd影响而消失。此外 ,BSO实验证明了植物络合素对 Cd的解毒作用。可见 ,芦苇的抗 Cd机理与以下几个方面有关 :根部截留 ,细胞间隙积累 ,细胞壁沉淀 ,液泡区域化 ,形成活性较低的难溶化合物 ,形成 Cd结合蛋白     

High photochemical trapping efficiency in Photosystem I from the red clade algae Chromera velia and Phaeodactylum tricornutum

In the present work, we report the first comparative spectroscopic investigation between Photosystem I (PSI) complexes isolated from two red clade algae. Excitation energy transfer was measured in PSI from Chromera velia, an alga possessing a split PsaA protein, and from the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In both cases, the estimated effective photochemical trapping time was in the 15–25 ps range, i.e. twice as fast as higher plants. In contrast to green phototrophs, the trapping time was rather constant across the whole emission spectrum. The weak wavelength dependence was attributed to the limited presence of long-wavelength emitting chlorophylls, as verified by low temperature spectroscopy. As the trapping kinetics of C. velia PSI were barely distinguishable from those of P. tricornutum PSI, it was concluded that the scission of PsaA protein had no significant impact on the overall PSI functionality. In conclusion, the two red clade algae analysed here, carried amongst the most efficient charge separation so far reported for isolated Photosystems.     

Snapshot of HIV pathogenesis in China

INTRODUCTION A recent report by the National Intelligence Council es- timates that by 2010 five countries, India, China, Nigeria, Ethiopia and Russia, cumulatively, will harbor the largest number of individuals infected with the Human Immuno- deficiency V…     

Mercury,cadmium, zinc and copper concentrations and stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) culled off Ishigaki Island,Japan

We analyzed Hg, Cd, Zn and Cu in the liver as well as Hg and stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) in muscle from tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in Japan. The Hg concentration in the muscle increased slightly and proportionally with increases in body length, but the Hg concentration in the liver increased markedly after maturation (exceeding 2.7 m precaudal length). The Hg concentration in the liver of mature shark was higher than that in the muscle. The Cd concentration in the liver increased with increases in body length. On the other hand, the Zn and Cu concentrations in the liver decreased during the growth stage, but thereafter increased with increased Cd burden due to growth. The marked increase in hepatic Hg in mature sharks may be explained by the continuous intake of Hg via food, slower growth and Hg–Se complex formation. High concentrations of Zn and Cu in the liver of immature sharks and concomitant increases in Zn and Cu with the Cd burden in the liver of mature sharks may be explained by the physiological requirements of Zn and Cu during the growth stage, the induction of metallothionein synthesis due to the Cd burden and the subsequent binding of these metals to metallothionein. The δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values decreased with increases in body length, suggesting a shift from coastal feeding to pelagic feeding with shark growth. The Hg and Cd concentrations tended to be negatively correlated with the δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values as a result of the increase in Hg and Cd accumulation due to the growth and the decreases in δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values due to the sift of feeding area.     

Effects of treated sewage on the availability of cadmium to coho salmon

Abstract

Juvenile coho salmon exposed for 30 days to dilutions of sewage treatment plant effluent (STPE) with approximately 2 μg Cd L^?1 showed increased Cd in liver, gill, and kidney tissues. In the liver the increase was unrelated to concentration of STPE, whereas in the gills some treatment effects were apparent in the lower dilutions. In the kidneys, Cd concentration varied inversely with percentage of STPE and levels of total alkalinity as well as total organic carbon in test solutions. It would appear that the ligands in STPE complex Cd and thereby reduce the amount available to bioconcentrate. Neither the average concentration of total Cd nor that of Chelex-labile Cd in the test solutions was indicative of Cd bioavailability in this work.