辽西下白垩统九佛堂组尾羽龙类—新属(英文)

记述了一件采自辽西热河群九佛堂组一新的窃蛋龙类:义县似尾羽龙(Similicaudipteryx yixianensis gen.et sp.nov.),并依据其和尾羽龙属的相似特征,及其匕首状的尾综骨,肠骨、踱骨和脚趾的形态等将其归入窃蛋龙类的尾羽龙科,但其所具有的一些特征也不同于该科已建立的尾羽龙属,如尾综骨的形态和较大的个体等。该化石具有许多典型的窃蛋龙类的特征,如短尾、较短的前肢等,有别于其他窃蛋龙类的特征还包括耻骨和肠骨的长度比为1.46,背椎上发育2个大而深的椎体下突、背椎侧部具孔等。义县似尾羽龙是又一类具有真正尾综骨的恐龙,表明尾综骨这一曾经被认为是鸟类特有的结构可能是在恐龙中独自演化的。它具有一些进步的特征如具尾综骨等,但同时也具有一些原始的特征如5个愈合的荐椎,耻骨联合长,表明在窃蛋龙类中存在着特征的镶嵌进化现象。似尾羽龙与驰龙类、其他窃蛋龙类等恐龙一样,脚趾并没有对握,已有的证据说明完全的对握目前还只是出现于鸟类中。根据其短尾、中部收缩的趾骨和灵巧的身体等都表明它是一类适于快速奔跑的动物。目前为止,已知的尾羽龙类化石均发现于北票四合屯地区的义县组下部尖山沟层(段),距今约125Ma。新标本发现于义县西二虎桥地点,属于九佛堂组,距今约120Ma,这也是迄今为止在九佛堂组发现的惟一一件尾羽龙类化石,对研究早白垩世窃蛋龙类的演化和热河生物群恐龙组合的特征具有重要的意义。     

Differential regulation of the postsynaptic clustering of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors by collybistin isoforms

Collybistin promotes submembrane clustering of gephyrin and is essential for the postsynaptic localization of gephyrin and γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors at GABAergic synapses in hippocampus and amygdala. Four collybistin isoforms are expressed in brain neurons; CB2 and CB3 differ in the C terminus and occur with and without the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. We have found that in transfected hippocampal neurons, all collybistin isoforms (CB2(SH3+), CB2(SH3-), CB3(SH3+), and CB3(SH3-)) target to and concentrate at GABAergic postsynapses. Moreover, in non-transfected neurons, collybistin concentrates at GABAergic synapses. Hippocampal neurons co-transfected with CB2(SH3-) and gephyrin developed very large postsynaptic gephyrin and GABA(A) receptor clusters (superclusters). This effect was accompanied by a significant increase in the amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Co-transfection with CB2(SH3+) and gephyrin induced the formation of many (supernumerary) non-synaptic clusters. Transfection with gephyrin alone did not affect cluster number or size, but gephyrin potentiated the clustering effect of CB2(SH3-) or CB2(SH3+). Co-transfection with CB2(SH3-) or CB2(SH3+) and gephyrin did not affect the density of presynaptic GABAergic terminals contacting the transfected cells, indicating that collybistin is not synaptogenic. Nevertheless, the synaptic superclusters induced by CB2(SH3-) and gephyrin were accompanied by enlarged presynaptic GABAergic terminals. The enhanced clustering of gephyrin and GABA(A) receptors induced by collybistin isoforms was not accompanied by enhanced clustering of neuroligin 2. Moreover, during the development of GABAergic synapses, the clustering of gephyrin and GABA(A) receptors preceded the clustering of neuroligin 2. We propose a model in which the SH3- isoforms play a major role in the postsynaptic accumulation of GABA(A) receptors and in GABAergic synaptic strength.     

浙江天台晚白垩世巨型长形蛋科一新属及巨型长形蛋科的分类订正

浙江天台盆地上白垩统赤城山组发现的巨型长形蛋类可鉴定为西峡巨型长形蛋(Macroelongatoolithusxi xiaensis)和一新蛋属、新蛋种——桥下巨型纺锤蛋(Megafusoolithus qiaoxiaensis oogen.etoosp.nov.)。西峡巨型长形蛋此前仅发现于河南西峡盆地,其特征为个体巨大(35cm),蛋壳外表面具瘤点状纹饰,蛋壳锥体层与柱状层界线明显,呈波浪形,锥体层与柱状层厚度之比为1:5—1:2。已记述的产自天台的张氏巨型长形蛋(M.zhangi)和产自河南西峡盆地的西峡长圆柱蛋(Longiteresoolithus xixiaensis)均为西峡巨型长形蛋的同物异名。桥下巨型纺锤蛋的特征包括蛋壳中部外表面具有棱脊状纹饰,蛋壳锥体层与柱状层界线不明显,二者厚度之比近1:3,这些特征区别于巨型长形蛋属。目前已知巨型长形蛋科仅包含巨型长形蛋属和巨型纺锤蛋属,订正的科征为:蛋化石巨大,长径大于35cm;蛋长形,两端大致对称,长宽之比约为3:1;蛋化石在蛋窝中一般两枚为一组,呈单层圆环状排列,蛋窝直径近3m;蛋壳外表面具瘤点状或棱脊状纹饰,蛋壳由锥体层与柱状层组成。这些特征明显区别于其他类型的蛋化石,因此它们代表了一个独立的蛋科:巨型长形蛋科(Macroelongatoolithidae)。     

A new choristodere (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning Province, China, and phylogenetic relationships of Monjurosuchidae

The publication of the scientific name Monjurosuchus splendens in 1940 documented the first tetrapod fossil of the later world-renowned Jehol Biota. For more than half a century since this discovery, however, Monjurosuchus has remained as a monotypic genus of the family Monjurosuchidae, and the relationships of the family with choristoderes have not been correctly recognized until quite recently. In this paper, a new monjurosuchid is named and described based on a nearly complete skull and postcranial skeleton from the Early Cretaceous Chiufotang Formation exposed near Chaoyang, western Liaoning Province, China. This new material documents the first occurrence of monjurosuchid choristoderes outside the type Lingyuan area, and extends the geological range of the family from the Yixian Formation to the younger Chiufotang Formation. Cladistic analyses were conducted with inclusion of monjurosuchids, and the results support the placement of the family Monjurosuchidae as a primitive clade outside the Neochoristodera. A new classification scheme is proposed for choristoderes on the basis of the recovered phylogenetic framework of the group.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 145 , 427–444.     

A re-evaluation of aff. Megaloolithidae eggshell fragments from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Pyrenees and implications for crocodylomorph eggshell structure

The Upper Cretaceous outcrops of the Pyrenees yield one of the most extensive and continuous records of paleoological remains anywhere in the world. Most of eggs and eggshells have been referred to the oofamily Megaloolithidae. In this study, we present a revision of eggshell fragments from the Blasi 2 locality, lattermost Maastrichtian in age, previously assigned to aff. Megaloolithidae. The presence of a blocky extinction pattern and basal knobs supports a crocodilian affinity of these materials. We classify them as Krokolithidae indet. Three structural layers can be recognised in the Blasi 2 eggshells, a feature that is shared with other recent eggshells (e.g. Crocodylus porosus and Crocodylus niloticus) and fossil crocodylomorph eggshells (Krokolitheswilsoni), which were previously described as single layered. The new proposed affinity of the Blasi 2 eggshells reduces the Megaloolithidae oodiversity of the last few million years of the Cretaceous in the Pyrenees to only two valid ootaxa, Megaloolithusmamillare and Megaloolithusbaghensis. The lack of more complete material precludes the erection of new ootaxa based on the Blasi 2 material.     

湖北秭归盆地中侏罗世陈家湾组孢粉组合的发现及其意义

本文首次报道了湖北秭归盆地陈家湾组孢粉组合,该组合可归入Cyathidites minor-Classopollis Callialasporites为代表的组合,时代属中侏罗世。陈家湾组孢粉组合的特征反映了秭归盆地中侏罗世泄滩组、陈家湾组和沙溪庙组三个组的孢粉组合的面貌基本一致,仅早期组合与中、晚期组合略有差别。建议以Gyathidites minor-classopollis-callialasportes组合代表湖北西部——重庆地区中侏罗世孢粉组合,早期为Lunzisporites pallidus亚组合,中晚期为Converrrcosisporites venitus亚组合。根据孢粉植物群在本区侏罗纪垂直分布情况,提出早侏罗世时期属亚热带一热带炎热潮湿气候环境,植物生长茂盛;早侏罗世之后,潮湿的气候仍占主导地位,但出现了干旱的先兆;中侏罗世早期进入了半干旱阶段,随后即为炎热干旱的气候所笼罩;至晚侏罗世达到非常干旱的程度,植物种类十份单调,唯有掌鳞杉科植物占据着统治地位。     

A new hawker dragonfly from the Middle Jurassic of China (Odonata: Aeshnoptera)

A new genus and species Linqibinia panae of paracymatophlebiid hawker dragonfly is described from the Middle Jurassic Haifanggou Formation (Inner Mongolia, China). Previously only known from Karatau in Kazakhstan, the discovery of another member of this family extends its range across Central Asia. It confirms that the Aeshnoptera was among the most diverse odonatan clades during the Middle-Late Jurassic.     

Late Famennian gastropoda from south-west England

The gastropod fauna of the Upper Devonian Baggy and Pilton formations in south‐west England is revised and includes some 30 taxa. The topmost part of the Upper Famennian succession in Devon is represented by clastic near‐shore and shallow shelf sediments, indicating a short‐term transgressive phase (‘Strunian Transgression’). The sequence yields a highly diverse fauna dominated by brachiopods and ostracodes, locally supplemented by crinoids, bryozoans, trilobites and molluscs. The taxa ‘Patellostium’britannicum sp. nov., Angyomphalus (Angyomphalus) junius sp. nov. and Dictyotomaria eurocapillaria sp. nov. are erected; a junior homonym is replaced by Macrochilina? piltonensis nom. nov. The gastropod fauna displays an independent character, where latest Devonian faunal elements overlap with Late Palaeozoic taxa expressing a transition similar to that of the bivalves, brachiopods, echinoderms and corals, without a sharp faunal break at the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary. Apart from the Caenogastropoda, all subclasses of gastropods are represented. Members of the bellerophontoids, pleurotomarioids and loxonematoids are most abundant, followed by murchisonioids, naticimorphs, euomphalomorphs and platyceratoids. The various gastropod groups represent different ecological demands and trophic categories, and together with the accompanying fauna indicate that nearly all habitats and niches were occupied in the shallow South Laurussian Shelf.     

黑犀(奇蹄目,犀科)化石在中国的首次发现

黑犀(Diceros属)的惟一现生代表D.bicornis生活在非洲。该属在新近纪时期曾广泛分布于希腊、土耳其和伊朗等地区,但从未在东亚地区发现过。新种甘肃黑犀(Diceros gan- suensis sp.nov.)是该属在中国和东亚的首次发现。化石采自甘肃临夏盆地晚中新世柳树组中部。新种以尺寸较小、头型短、枕顶高耸、枕面窄而高、枕嵴无中沟、副枕突短小、下颌上升支距m3较近、前臼齿较小、DP1无后脊、P2原脊孤立、P2和P3后脊细窄而区别于东地中海地区的Diceros neumayri。D.neumayri的分类位置一直是一个争论的焦点,曾在黑犀(Diceros属)和白犀(Ceratotherium属)之间反复变更。研究显示,甘肃黑犀和D.neumayri的一系列共同的原始特征表明它们与更进步的白犀有明显的区别,应该归入黑犀属。     

昆明地区下寒武统节肢动物Guangweicaris Luo,Fu et Hu,2007的再研究

昆明地区下寒武统沧浪铺组乌龙箐段所产的节肢动物Guangweicaris Luo,Fu et Hu,2007,为研究寒武纪生命大爆发之后节肢动物辐射特征提供了重要资料。罗惠麟等(2007)在报道该节肢动物时,因标本不完整,对其头部和尾部特征均作了错误鉴别和描述。笔者根据完整且保存有软体附肢的标本,对Guangweicaris Luo,Fu et Hu,2007作了重新研究和复原,据此讨论了该节肢动物的分类归属问题。